Nature Environment and Pollution Technology

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Torrefaction of Commonly Disposed Agricultural Waste Biomass for an Improved and Sustainable Energy Future: A Review

Scientists and policymakers are continuously making techno-economic efforts to close the loop in the agricultural value chain by utilizing and maximizing agricultural wastes and their products. The rising issues of agricultural waste management significantly impact the ecosystem and impede environmental sustainability. Untreated and wrongly disposed agricultural residues are a major threat to health (human and animal), the economy, and a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. However, this review extrapolates a resource efficiency technology to address the energy deficit by converting these sustainable waste resource sources to sustainable energy through a sustainable energy system. The torrefaction technique is a more energy-efficient thermochemical process to upgrade the biomass fuel quality. Studies on readily available and commonly disposed agricultural wastes valorised with their energy values, energy density and physicochemical properties were reported in this study, and their performances were compared with fossil fuel (coal and sub-bituminous coal) properties. The assessment brings to the submission that many agricultural wastes can be upgraded to comparable quality in performance via the torrefaction process. It further discovers that the synergy of certain additives and the optimization of process conditions, such as residence time, temperature, pressure, and gas carrier, could better upgrade the biofuel quality without major compromise on product yield.

Oluwagbenga Tobi Adesina, William Kehinde Kupolati, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, Chibueze Godwin Achi, Lodewyke William Beneke, Tamba Jamiru, Jacques Snyman and Julius Musyoka Ndambuki

Impact of Well Water Hardness and Fluoride on Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Aetiology in Sri Lanka– Zebrafish as an Animal Model

Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a significant health problem in Sri Lanka. Several hypotheses, such as soil geology, pesticide exposure, cyanotoxins, and prolonged dehydration, have been suggested as possible contributors to CKDu; however, the precise etiology remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential impact of groundwater hardness and fluoride content on CKDu using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model. Sixty well water samples were randomly collected during the dry season from CKDu endemic regions in Sri Lanka, including Galnewa, Rajanganaya, and Medirigiriya in the North Central Province, Dehiattakandiya in the Eastern Province, and Agunukolapelassa (non-endemic area) in the Southern Province as a control. Water pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen were measured onsite and within the Sri Lankan Drinking Water Quality Standards (SLS 614: 2013). The highest mean water hardness (285.2 ppm) was recorded in Medirigiriya, and the highest mean fluoride (1.24 ppm) was recorded in Dehiattakandiya, both of which are identified as CKDu high-prevalence areas. The acute toxic effects of these parameters were assessed using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Ninety embryos were exposed up to 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) to water samples representing the highest and lowest water hardness and fluoride concentrations, as single and combined solutions. Embryonic mortality rate in combined exposure (highest hardness and fluoride) was 49.0±0.58%, while hardness alone was 16.7±0.58% and fluoride alone was 18.8±1.15%. Statistical analysis revealed a significant synergistic effect of hardness and fluoride combination (p< 0> 65%) and morphological abnormalities, such as bent body axis and yolk sac edema. Fluorescence images indicated that the damaged premature pronephros in the combined exposure group emitted bright green fluorescence compared to that in the single exposure group. Thus, the findings suggest that the synergistic nephrotoxic effect of high water hardness and fluoride can be a prominent cause of CKDu etiology in Sri Lanka.

K. P. A. Imanthi, J. K. P. Wanigasuriya, P. P. R. Perera, Nishad Jayasundara and P. M. Manage

Impact of Different RPM on BOD, COD and Turbidity Reduction Using Natural and Synthetic Media in Dairy Wastewater Treatment

This study lays the foundation for an integrated and adaptive method for treating dairy wastewater within a multi-stage Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) system. Rotational speed optimization from stage to stage, dynamic control of hydraulic retention time (HRT), and better media performance evaluation are the ingredients drawn into the proposed model for the efficient removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and turbidity. Each RBC stage works with pollutant-specific RPM levels, that is, at the maximum biofilm interaction and pollutant reduction. HRT adjustments in real-time work via feedback mechanisms, whereas biofilm attachment is optimized through shear stress and media characteristics. The aim of this study was to demonstrate through comparative experiments that both natural (coconut coir) and synthetic (polyethylene) media can result in high biofilm growth and pollutant degradation rates. Robustness tests under varying influent loads indicated the same steady performance of the system. The integrated model achieved BOD removal of 90.1%, COD reduction of 85.3%, and turbidity removal of 79.8%. The final effluent quality is stringent as it meets discharge limits, with BOD <10 mg.L-1, COD<50 mg.L-1, and turbidity<10 NTU. The proposed framework presents an efficient and scalable option for the treatment of high-strength dairy effluents and can be deployed in several additional industrial waste scenarios.

Pallavi Chakole and Ajay Gajbhiye

Assessing Coastal Industrial Pollution and Climate Change Impacts Through Integrated Modeling for Sustainable Management in Hai Phong, Vietnam

The rapid development of industries, agriculture, and urbanization has led to an increase in the amount of pollutants released into the soil, water, and air, affecting ecosystems and public health. This study assesses the impacts of environmental pollution in the coastal areas of Hai Phong, Vietnam, under the influence of climate change and proposes adaptation solutions to ensure sustainable development. The research utilizes the MIKE 21 modeling system (SW, FM, Ecolab) to simulate wave propagation, hydrodynamics, and the dispersion of pollutants (DO, BOD5, COD, TSS, Fe, and Coliform) in the study area’s ecosystem. The key results of the study are (1) Calibration and validation of wave, hydrodynamic, and water quality models to determine appropriate parameter sets; (2) Assessing the impact of pollutants from major coastal industrial zones in Hai Phong under climate change scenarios; (3) Developing an environmental pollution risk zoning map to identify high-risk areas and propose adaptation solutions to ensure the sustainable development of the study area’s ecosystem. Our findings provide crucial information for effectively managing coastal ecosystem pollution, mitigating the impacts of climate change, and promoting sustainable development in Hai Phong’s coastal region.

Pham Thi Song Thu, Doan Quang Tri and Nguyen Van Hong

Evaluating the Efficacy of Natural Zeolite in Treating Saline Seawater for Multiuse in Southern Jordan

This study investigates the use of various types of natural zeolite stones to treat seawater in the Gulf of Aqaba in Southern Jordan. The research aims to examine the physical and chemical impacts of these stones on the permanent hardness of seawater and their potential for reducing this hardness to the lowest possible level while preserving the water’s essential properties. The treated water is intended for diverse practical uses, including agricultural, industrial, and domestic applications. The study’s main objective is to minimize the dissolved salts and hardness of highly saline water while maintaining the physical and chemical composition. This research focused on two categories of analysis: (1) the physical effects, which are focused on measuring the percentage of dissolved salts, electrical conductivity, turbidity, color, odor, and pH of water; (2) chemical effects, which cover water components such as carbonates, bicarbonates, sulfates, chlorides, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, nitrates, nitrites, and heavy metals before, during, and after treatment. Field testing instruments were employed alongside laboratory-based sampling and analysis to ensure precise and reliable documentation throughout the study. The extent of lead removal from water using zeolite was implemented in Jordan by a researcher from Zarqa University, who achieved good results with water discharged from a battery manufacturing plant that processes lead. The results were as follows: The zeolite used was one ton; daily factory water usage was 20 m²; working days were 100; and discharged water volume was 2000 m³. Finally, permissible pollution limits were safe and compliant with international specifications. The experimental results in this study showed that initial TDS values exceeding 38,000 ppm were reduced by more than 50% in several cases.

Ghani Albaali, Mohammed Shahateet and Abdulnaser Mehdi Dawood

Leveraging the Green Petroleum Hydrocarbon Remediation Potential of a Biosurfactant Producing Indigenous Oleophilic Bacterium Isolated from Hydrocarbon Soiled Environment

The present investigation focused on the physicochemical characterization and bioprospecting of an indigenous oleophilic bacterium (OB) and its biosurfactant (BS) for bioremediation. Within 14 days of culture at 30°C with 2% (v/v) n-hexadecane, the OB could reduce the surface tension of the culture medium by up to 34.4 mNm-1. Standard screening tests verified that the isolated OB produced BS and identified it as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BS production was 434.7 mg.L-1, with a CMC of 195.6 mg.L-1, and was purified and characterized using standard chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. FTIR analysis confirmed the glycolipid nature of BS. TLC of the partially purified BS revealed two homologues of rhamnolipid (RL), which were subsequently confirmed by NMR. Seven distinct RL congeners were identified using LC-MS, of which di-RLs constituted a notably large proportion. The surface and emulsification activities of BS demonstrated significant stability against various pH levels, temperatures, salinities, and metal ions. Furthermore, OB was able to utilize crude oil within 60 days, as confirmed by GC-MS. In the soil washing experiment, BS separated ?80% of the crude oil from the contaminated sand at the CMC. The results suggest that the RLs and their producer isolated from automobile workshops in Mokokchung are not only the first report from Nagaland, India, but are also promising for various applications in the bioremediation of extreme and complex environments, including addressing regional environmental issues in Nagaland.

Alemtoshi, Viphrezolie Sorhie and Pranjal Bharali

The Evaluation of Properties of Chars Produced from Wastes of Different Origins

This paper presents a screening of primary char samples produced through the hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. Currently, numerous studies demonstrate the potential of hydrothermal conversion char residues as sorbents. The relevance of this work lies in utilizing materials that are rarely used in other areas of production, such as aquatic vegetation, organic waste, algae, bark and wood waste, food waste, and waste from the agro-industrial complex. This study aims to evaluate the sorption capacity (for iodine, phenol, and methylene blue) of char sorbents obtained from various raw materials via hydrothermal liquefaction and to identify the most suitable raw materials. To assess the charcoals, their elemental composition and sorption capacities for methylene blue, iodine, and phenol were analyzed. The average yield of charcoal was 35%. The results indicate that the obtained chars demonstrated the highest sorption capacity for methylene blue (up to 239 mg.g-1), while phenol sorption was the lowest (not exceeding 19 mg.g-1). These findings suggest that the produced chars are promising raw materials for the production of sorbents.

Natalia Muravieva, Yuliya Kulikova and Olga Babich

Effect of Combined Vermicomposting and EM Solution on Sewage Sludge Nutrient Profile: A Temporal Study

The principal objective of this study is to investigate the synergistic influence of vermicomposting and the application of Effective Microorganism (EM) solution on the nutrient transformation dynamics within sewage sludge. Sewage sludge, being rich in organic matter yet often unstable in terms of nutrient availability, requires effective stabilization strategies to enhance its suitability as a soil amendment. In this context, the research primarily emphasizes the stabilization and mineralization of key macronutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), over a controlled composting period of 90 days. By integrating vermicomposting, which harnesses the activity of earthworms to accelerate organic matter degradation, with EM solution, which introduces beneficial microbial consortia to stimulate biochemical processes. Further, the study aims to optimize the substrate ratio, quantify the enzymatic activities related to microbial pathways, and model the kinetic behavior of nutrient mineralization using dynamic equations, which will improve the understanding of temporal nutrient stabilization mechanisms.

Snehal K. Kamble and Ajay R. Gajbhiye

Parameter Optimization of the Direct Air Capture (DAC) Process to Achieve Net Zero Emission Targets

Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology has gained recognition as an effective method for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO?) levels. This study emphasizes the optimization of critical process parameters to improve the efficiency of aqueous hydroxide-based DAC systems while lowering operational costs. Aspen Plus simulations were employed to model the process flow, pinpoint key reaction mechanisms, and evaluate how different operating conditions influence CO? capture efficiency. A sensitivity analysis explored the impact of variables such as air contactor parameters, solvent concentration, temperature, pressure, and moisture content on system performance. The results demonstrated that adjusting the Ca (OH)? flow rate to 760 t.h-1 achieves a 75% CO? capture rate at the air contactor, while maintaining an inlet air pressure of 1.1 atm enhances absorption. The CO2 capture rate increased gradually with the increase of inlet air temperature. The highest CO2 capture rate of 92% is given at 40°C, and 4% H2O content is in the inlet air. However, the impact of the moisture content is negligible. Furthermore, structured packing materials like BX packing outperformed Mellapak 250Y and Mellapak 350Y in efficiency. These insights support the development of economical DAC strategies, advancing technologies for carbon removal to achieve net-zero emissions.

U. S. P. R. Arachchige and G. K. K. Ishara

Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Benzo[a]pyrene in Street Dust of Raniganj in Eastern India

This study investigates the seasonal and spatial distribution of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in street dust across Raniganj, revealing significant variations linked to both seasonal shifts and land use types. BaP concentrations in street dust samples ranged from 82.2 ng.g-1 to 531.6 ng.g-1, with a mean value of 262.45±75.55 ng.g-1. The highest BaP levels were observed during winter, particularly in heavy traffic, coal mines, and industrial areas, suggesting contributions from industrial activities and vehicular emissions, coal chemical production, and gangue accumulation. An analysis by land use type indicated that BaP levels were highest in busy traffic areas, coal mine areas, and industrial areas, with traffic-congested sites showing the highest average concentration (328.29 ng.g-1). Seasonal analysis showed that winter BaP concentrations were the highest on average (336.28±93.43 ng.g-1), followed by monsoon and summer. These seasonal differences may be due to winter-specific factors, such as increased vehicular traffic, indoor heating, and atmospheric stability. In all five sampling locations, the hazard index (HI) values were moderate for both adults and children. Adults had an average overall cancer risk value of 2.89E-03, whereas children had an average of 2.61E-03, indicating that both age groups are at high risk. Samples collected from various land use types revealed a distinct difference in mean total BaP levels, as well as total cancer risk levels, with the following order observed: busy traffic area > coal mine area > industrial area > commercial area > residential area. The findings underscore the impact of anthropogenic activities and seasonal changes on BaP levels, emphasizing the need for targeted pollution management strategies in heavy-traffic and industrial regions, along with coal mining regions in Raniganj.

Chandrani Sinha Roy , Apurba Koley, Nitu Gupta, Niladri Das, Deep Chakraborty and Srinivasan Balachandran

Biocells for Waste Valorization: Enhancing Methane Production and Leachate Management in the Anaerobic Degradation of Green Waste and WWTP Biosolids from Ambato, Ecuador

The disposal of solid waste in conventional landfills poses critical environmental challenges, including uncontrolled greenhouse gas emissions and highly contaminated leachate. Bioreactor landfills with leachate recirculation offer an effective alternative, accelerating organic matter degradation and enhancing methane production for energy recovery. The present study investigates methane generation, leachate characteristics, and the stabilization of organic matter in laboratory-scale biocells that incorporate biosolids from the Ambato Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), along with compost and green waste. Three replicate biocells were operated over 12 weeks with leachate recirculation to optimize nutrient removal and biogas production. Methane generation stabilized after 21 days, while phosphorus and ammonium concentrations in the leachate ranged from 10-15 mg.L-1 and 50-80 mg.L-1, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations significantly decreased, with final cadmium and chromium levels falling below regulatory discharge limits, reaching 0.02 mg.L-1 and 0.05 mg.L-1, respectively. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was reduced by 85%, reaching a final concentration of approximately 300 mg.L-1. These findings highlight the feasibility of incorporating WWTP biosolids in biocells to enhance organic solid waste degradation, sustainable landfill leachate management, and renewable energy generation in Ambato, Ecuador.

Rodny Peñafiel, Nelly Esther Flores Tapia, Celia Margarita Mayacela Rojas, Freddy Roberto Lema Chicaiza, Doménica Belén Guamán Canseco and Marlon Fabricio Muñoz Arroba

From Sea to Science: Unveiling the Diverse Biotechnological Applications of Marine Endophytic Bacillus aerius

Marine endophytic bacteria are a promising source of bioactive compounds with diverse applications. This study investigated the multifunctional properties of Bacillus aerius PMRU2.8, isolated from the marine red alga Gracilaria sp. collected from the coastal region of Tamil Nadu, India. The bacterium demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against multiple human pathogens, with its ethyl acetate extract containing bioactive compounds, including indoles and ketones. Molecular docking analysis revealed potential binding mechanisms of the compounds to bacterial proteins. Additionally, B. aerius efficiently synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with enhanced antimicrobial efficacy compared with the crude extract. The bacterium also exhibited remarkable bioremediation capability, decolorizing up to 92.5% of the Direct Blue 6 azo dye within 48 h. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed the potential therapeutic applications of both the extract and the biosynthesized AgNPs. These findings highlight B. aerius as a valuable resource for pharmaceutical development, nanobiotechnology, and environmental remediation.

Sathyananth M., Varna Vijayan and Leon Stephan Raj T.

Biofuel Pellet Production and Characterization from Rice Production Waste

Biofuel pellet materials are a key renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Evaluating biomass quality is essential for both operational efficiency and environmental impact. This study aimed to produce and characterize biofuel pellets made from rice husks and straw. The pellets were analyzed using ASTM methods and compared against the ISO 17225-6 standard. The results indicated a low moisture content (2.53 ± 0.04 %) and a relatively high ash content (11.96 ± 0.05%). Thermally, the net calorific value was 3,951 ± 7.21 Cal/g. In terms of elemental composition, nitrogen (0.29 ± 0.02%), sulfur (0.15 ± 0.02%), and chlorine (0.34 ± 0.04%) contents were in line with the ISO 17225-6 standard. Additionally, the pellets made from both biomass met durability, length, and diameter specifications. The results indicate that mixing these rice-based biomass improves pellet quality and combustion performance. Lastly, this research supports SDG 7 (ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all), SDG 12.2 (promoting the sustainable management and efficient utilization of natural resources), and SDG 12.5 (minimizing waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse).

Apichaya Sawasdee and Monthon Nethip

Duckweed as a Circular Economy Solution for Treating Agro-Industrial Wastewaters

Water pollution resulting from nutrient-rich wastewater (WW) discharged by industries such as distilleries, sugar mills, and dairy farms poses significant ecological and public health challenges. Conventional treatment methods often fail to effectively reduce nutrient loads, contributing to environmental degradation. This review critically examines the use of duckweed (Lemna spp.), a fast-growing aquatic plant, as a sustainable solution for wastewater remediation. Duckweed demonstrates a high capacity for nutrient uptake, particularly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), while simultaneously producing protein-rich biomass suitable for animal feed. The review synthesizes findings on the effectiveness of duckweed-based systems in reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), and explores their integration into circular economy models that couple wastewater treatment with resource recovery. Additionally, it addresses current limitations in system design, scalability, and long-term implementation, highlighting areas requiring further research. Overall, duckweed-based wastewater treatment offers a costeffective, eco-friendly strategy to enhance environmental sustainability and food-feed security.

Shweta Surendra Chikhale, Girish R. Pathade and Wasim R. Bagwan

The Impact of Chromium Contamination in Fish and Rice on Public Health Risks along the Opak River in Yogyakarta

Access to clean water is increasingly threatened by industrial pollution, particularly from the tanning industry, which poses significant health risks and environmental challenges. This research aimed to determine Cr(VI) concentrations in water, sediment, fish, and rice samples from several sites along the river and to analyze the related health hazards. The study was conducted from March 2023 to November 2024, involving samples collected from 40 fishponds and rice fields located at different distances from the industrial area. Water, sediment, and fish samples were collected and analyzed to determine the concentration of Cr(VI) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and spectrophotometry methods. A total of 360 samples from fishponds and 180 samples from rice fields were collected. In addition, a survey was conducted on rice and fish consumption patterns among 200 respondents from the affected areas. Cr(VI) concentrations were observed in all impacted locations, with levels significantly exceeding those found in the control area. Cr(VI) accumulation in fish and rice showed a significant increase, with health risk assessments revealing that both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks surpassed safe limits. The findings indicate that industrial wastewater severely contaminates aquatic environments, posing significant health risks due to dietary exposure to Cr(VI). This study provides important insights into the prevalence of Cr(VI) contamination in agricultural and aquaculture systems, links environmental pollution to public health risks, and underscores the importance of regulatory measures to ensure food safety and public health.

Djoko Rahardjo, Gatot Sasongko, Suwarno Hadisusanto and Djumanto

Diversity and Distribution Patterns of Lichens in Different Ecological Conditions in the Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand

This study investigated the distribution and diversity of lichens across different elevational zones in the Madhyamaheshwar Valley, Garhwal Himalaya. A total of 77 lichen species from 22 families and 52 genera were recorded across three altitudes: lower (1600–2300 m ASL), middle (2600–3100 m ASL), and higher (3200–3600 m ASL). Lichen diversity increased with elevation, with 48 species recorded at higher elevation sites, Madhyamaheshwar and Budha Madhyamaheshwar, 17 at middle elevation sites, Maikhamba-Chatti and Koonchatti, and 12 at lower elevation sites, Goundar Village, Lower Bantoli, Upper Bantoli, Khadarakhal, and Nanuchatti. Temperature and humidity were identified as significant factors influencing lichen diversity, with cooler conditions at higher elevations supporting more diverse communities. Slope and cardinal directions also influenced species distribution, with gentler slopes and southern cardinal directions supporting higher diversity. Lichens have a preference for tree bark as a substrate, with certain species exhibiting greater host specificity. These findings underscore the crucial role of environmental factors in shaping the distribution of lichen communities across elevational gradients in the valley.

Nitin Kant Prabhakar, J. P. Mehta, Mamta Arya, Rakesh Singh Adhikari, Sanjeeva Nayaka and Anjali Patil

Isolation and Genetic Identification of Lipase Producing Bacteria from Oil-Contaminated Sites

Lipase-producing bacteria can be isolated from various environments, including industrial and agricultural waste, vegetable oils, dairy factories, and oil-contaminated soil. Lipase is the third most important enzyme in biotechnology due to its broad catalytic properties and ability to function in heterogeneous media. The current study aims to isolate, screen, and determine the prevalence of lipase-producing bacteria from various oil-contaminated soils in Basrah province, Iraq. Eleven soil samples and five water samples were collected from various oil-contaminated sites. Identification of lipase-producing bacteria was performed using the 16S rDNA sequencing technique. A total of fifty-one lipase-producing bacterial isolates were identified. Seven isolates exhibited high efficiency in lipase enzyme production, including A5, A1, A3, J3, A4, A2, and G3, with lipase activity values of 49 U.mL-1, 28 U.mL-1, 24 U.mL-1, 23 U.mL-1, 23 U.mL-1, 20 U.mL-1, and 20 U.mL-1, respectively. The isolate A5 was the most promising, exhibiting the highest activity at 49 U.mL-1. Based on the sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene, these seven isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis strain QD517, Bacillus velezensis strain Bac104, Bacillus subtilis strain PK9, Enterobacter cloacae strain YY-2, Bacillus cereus strain RB1, Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus strain D, and Brevibacillus borstelensis strain LDH-b. Seven lipase-producing bacterial isolates were characterized as new bacterial strains, and their sequences were registered in the NCBI GenBank database. The production of large quantities of the lipase enzyme requires optimization of culture conditions using various factors to enable applications in multiple fields.

Zainab Qais Hameed and Nassir Abdullah Alyousif

A Machine Learning-Based Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach Utilizing D-Numbers for Water-Energy-Food Nexus Assessment

The interdependency between the water and energy infrastructure represents the core challenge of resource management. Effective decision-making for water-energy-food (WEN) scenarios requires robust tools. Traditional Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approaches are undermined by uncertainty because they assume perfect and complete information, which rarely occurs in Water-Energy Nexus (WEN) issues. Classical models oversimplify the complex interconnections between water and energy systems and therefore result in suboptimal decision-making approaches. Although fuzzy and intuitionistic models are efforts towards uncertainty modelling, they also fall short of fully capturing the dynamics of real-world scenarios. They are inefficient in addressing conflicting and uncertain information, which hinders the practical implementation of these techniques. In addition, the lack of a platform that unites MCDM with integrated uncertainty management increases decisionmaking complications. To bridge these gaps, the current study proposes a new framework that integrates D-number-based multi-criteria analysis with Dempster-Shafer theory (DST) for WEN decision-making. The integration of DST rigorously enhances the ability of DST to process complete, uncertain, and conflicting information for WEN decision-making. The study also compared the performance of the Random Forest and Optimized Artificial Neural Network models.

Kanchana Anbazhagan, Nagarajan Deivanayagampillai and Nithya Thanagodi

Performance Assessment of E-Waste Plastic as a Sustainable Natural Aggregate Substitute in Traditional Concrete: A Comprehensive Review

Globally, e-waste plastic recycling has emerged as a more popular and creative way to manage electronic waste, which is also being accepted since this resource is available in enormous amounts, comprises many kinds of hazardous components, and possesses a very low recycling rate. Growing urbanization, industrialization, and economic expansion are driving global concrete production, causing pollution and depleting natural resources. Using e-waste plastic as a natural aggregate presents a novel method for conserving resources and addressing the challenges of electronic waste, plastic, and concrete production. This article discusses different e-waste plastic types, techniques for producing e-plastic aggregates, and their application in traditional concrete. Additionally, this study examined the behavior of e-waste plastic aggregates, which affect various concrete characteristics. These include fresh properties such as workability, as well as hardened characteristics such as density (both fresh and dried), splitting tension strength, flexural strength, compressive strength, and durability aspects such as chloride attack and thermal resistance. Reusing electronic waste plastic as aggregates is also a new hope for protecting the environment and guaranteeing the secure disposal of the enormous amount of e-plastic waste generated. However, additional research is needed to address e-waste disposal challenges and its use in conventional concrete.

Sanjeet Kumar and Sanjay Kumar

Spectral Characterization and Indexing Methods for the Quality Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Compost Prepared Using Novel Bacterial Consortia

Composting is one of the integral components of the global circular bio-economy platform. However, traditional composting contains major limitations, including its longer time requirement and the formation of odour. Therefore, the inoculation of efficient novel bacterial consortia for compost process modification is a global concern. Furthermore, the assessment of compost quality is crucial because immature compost can cause phytotoxicity, disrupt soil structure, and damage the natural ecological balance when used in agriculture. Conversely, there is no universally applicable procedure to determine compost quality, maturity, and stability. This study focuses on assessing the quality of compost produced by five novel microbial consortia using indexing and spectroscopic methods. Clean Index (CI), Fertilizing Index (FI), Germination Index (GI) and Vigor Index (VI) were used as indexing methods to assess the phytotoxicity and compost quality. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X Ray Diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) techniques were used for spectroscopic analysis of compost microstructure. The results revealed that out of all compost samples (including the control), the compost made by Consortium 5 (C5) recorded a significantly greater (p<0.05) GI, VI, FI and CI compared to the control and other treatments. Further, the GI value of C5 was recorded as 110.2 ± 2.2 %, demonstrating the possible usage of C5 compost as a phytonutrient soil amendment. Importantly, SEM, XRD and EDS spectrograms also confirmed the rapid waste degradation pattern and elemental composition alteration by the C5 consortium. Consequently, the compost by the C5 consortium was categorized into the compost quality “A” category, whereas the control compost belonged to the compost quality “D” category. In contrast, the findings of the present study confirm that the potential applicability of a prepared novel bacetrail consortium as a rapid, greener waste management approach in the circular bio-economy.

P. A. K. C. Wijerathna, K. P. P. Udayagee, F. S. Idroos and Pathmalal M. Manage

Air Aware IoT: Low-Cost Sensor Solutions for Urban Pollution Monitoring and Public Health

Air pollution, especially in cities, has a considerable impact on human health and contributes to global morbidity and mortality rates. With urban populations increasing and public awareness of air quality being low, there is an urgent need for low-cost portable devices to monitor airborne contaminants in indoor and outdoor settings. This study presents the design and functionality of a low-cost, portable device capable of measuring major air quality parameters, such as gaseous pollutants (CO?, O?, TVOC, and PM?.?) and physical indicators (i.e., temperature and humidity). The device connects various sensors to an ATmega microcontroller via a signal conditioning circuit, thereby solving current, format, and speed incompatibilities. The data processed by the microcontroller was sent to various devices using IoT technology. The device accurately measures ozone and PM?.?, temperature, and humidity with precisions of ±5.02 ?g.m- ³, ±7.94 ?g.m- ³, ±0.67°C, and ±1.68%, respectively. The results demonstrate the dependability of the system for air quality monitoring, providing an affordable and accessible alternative for environmental surveillance. This innovation has the potential to raise public awareness and enable large-scale pollution monitoring, making it a useful tool for minimizing the negative consequences of air pollution on public health.

K. Venugopala Rao, Ch. Mani Kumar, V. Saritha and B. Kanthamma

Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Town of Moundou in South-Western Chad

Assessment of groundwater quality is becoming essential for effective resource management. In this study, we conducted a seasonal assessment of groundwater quality, hydrogeochemical processes, and statistical analyses in the city of Moundou. A total of 62 groundwater samples were taken in the 27 districts of the city, in August 2022 (rainy season) and May 2023 (dry season), respectively. From a geochemical point of view, the results highlighted two dominant geochemical facies in both the dry and wet seasons: the calcium-magnesium bicarbonate facies (Ca-Mg-HCO?) and the sodium-potassium bicarbonate facies (Na-K-HCO?). The multivariate analysis showed that the mineralisation of gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O), CaCl2 salts, silicates, carbonates and the decomposition of organic matter are the main processes affecting the quality of Moundou’s water. The physico-chemical results show that of the parameters monitored, only pH, iron and ammonium do not comply with the WHO standard, and almost 89% of the sites sampled are considered acceptable according to QWI values. Only the sites in the north-east of the city showed poor water quality during the rainy season. On the whole, this water is of better quality for irrigation.

Doumtoudjinodji Prosper, Elegbede Manou Bernadin, Doumnang Mbaigane Jean Claude, Socohou Amadou Akilou and Djoueingue Nguérassem

Deciphering the Constraints Perceived by Farmers in the Adaptation of Climate-Resilient Technologies in the NICRA Village of Jharsuguda District in Odisha, India: RBQ and Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance Approach

Climate change poses significant challenges to agriculture, necessitating the adoption of climate-resilient technology. Rising global temperatures, a direct consequence of climate change, negatively impact agricultural productivity, threaten farmers’ livelihoods, and affect food availability. The studies suggest that this warming trend could lead to a 4.5-9% drop in crop yields, depending on how severe and widespread the temperature rise is. Since agriculture contributes approximately 17.4% to India’s GDP, this decline in production could cost the economy up to 1.5% of its GDP each year. Thus, adopting climate-resilient agricultural technologies has become crucial in the current agro-ecological context. However, various socio-personal, financial, and technological constraints hinder their adoption. With this background, the current study was undertaken using an ex-post facto research design to uncover and quantify the constraints faced by the National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) farmers in the Jharsuguda district of Odisha, India. The study identified these constraints using the Rank-Based Quotient (RBQ) method and ranking. The findings revealed that the strongest socio-personal constraint was a preference for conventional practices (RBQ = 84.44%). The lack of credit or capital (RBQ = 89.44%) ranked the highest among financial constraints. Among the technological constraints is the difficulty in implementing climate-resilient technologies (RBQ = 87.78%). The Rank-Based Quotient (RBQ) method, supplemented by Kendall’s coefficient of concordance [W = 0.64, ?² (2) = 77.00, p < 0.001], indicated a strong consensus in the rankings. Data was collected from 60 NICRA farmers through structured interviews. The results highlight the need for targeted interventions, such as enhanced training, financial support, mechanization access, and timely input supply, to promote climate-resilient agriculture. Addressing these impediments will facilitate sustainable and adaptive farming systems in the region.

Abhishek Naik, Samir Ranjan Dash, Kiran Sourav Das, Shilpa Bahubalendra and Priya Ranjan Mohanty

Bacterial Diversity in Oil Field Environments and Evaluation of Their Ability to Biosynthesize Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)

Bacteria isolated from oil reservoir environments possess unique enzymes that allow them to adapt to extreme environments, making them ideal candidates for producing high-value nanomaterials that can be used in various fields. In the present study, eight samples were collected from Badra and Ahdab oil fields in Iraq, the bacteria isolated and identified based on the 16SrRNA gene, and the isolates were screened for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The characteristics of the AgNPs were analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, zeta potential measurements, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results indicated the dominance of Gram-positive bacteria, with a percentage of 18 (72%). Genetic identification revealed that the bacteria were under 6 genera and 16 species; these genera include Enterococcus, Priestia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium, and Bacillus. Seven new strains have been deposited in GenBank. The results of screening isolates for synthesized AgNPs showed high efficiency of a novel strain, Bacillus halotolerans strain AhWM4, with the maximum absorption peak at 430 nm. The average size of AgNPs using XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM was (31.3, 27.0, and 42.1) nm, respectively. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements showed a wide dispersion with an effective diameter of 57.1 nm; the X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum matched the crystalline nature of the AgNPs. It also showed high stability, with a zeta potential of -42.3 mV. AgNPs have attracted considerable attention due to their staggering potential for a wide range of commercial and environmental applications.

Alaa H. Hamel, Wijdan H. Al-Tamimi and Murtadha H. Fayadh

Development of Zinc Oxide-Sawdust Composite Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Removal: Synthesis, Characterization and Adsorption Mechanism

The natural world provides sawdust, also known as wood shavings, which is a reasonably abundant and affordable lignocellulosic compound. It is a waste product of agriculture and industry that is abundant and has disposal issues. A zinc oxide nanocomposite based on sawdust (ZnO@SD) was synthesized to efficiently remove the dye methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. FTIR, SEM, TEM, and XRD analyses were used to characterize the freshly made sawdust material. Batch optimization of adsorption experimental parameters, including initial dye concentration, contact time, solution pH, temperature, and adsorbent dosage used, to achieve the maximum removal of MB dye from wastewater. For an initial MB dye concentration of 50 mg/L, the ideal parameters for the maximum removal of MB dye from aqueous solution were determined to be: 40 mg of adsorbent, 80 minutes of contact time, a pH of 6.0, and 25°C. The models that best fit the examined experimental data were the Freundlich and pseudo-second order. For the removal of MB dye, the experimental adsorption capacity of ZnO@SD was found to be 372.5 mg/g. According to the obtained results, the sawdust composite was thought to be a low-cost and efficient adsorbent for dye removal.

Romit Antil and Anil K. Berwal

Heavy Metals Removal from Polluted Water by Cement Kiln Dust

Two laboratory experiments were conducted in the Desert Studies Center laboratories during the spring season of 2024 to evaluate the efficiency of Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) in removing lead and cadmium from polluted water. The first experiment represents the thermally isotropic adsorption of heavy metals on the cement kiln dust (CKD) surface. The experiment included three diameters of CKD particles, i.e., 0.3, 1.18, and 2 mm, treated with four concentrations of cadmium and lead, namely 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg.L?¹ for each element (cadmium and lead). The amount of the adsorbed metals on the surface of CKD was calculated according to the Langmuir equation. In contrast, the second experiment represents the effect of contact time between the heavy metals and CKD particles for the same aforementioned diameters and concentrations. The results of the isothermal adsorption experiment showed that the adsorbed amount increased with increasing the added concentrations of heavy metals. The adsorbed quantity of cadmium is superior to that of lead. Also, the adsorption capacity of cadmium was higher compared to the lead adsorption capacity. In this context, the adsorption capacity reached 2880.00 and 2735.58 mg.kg?¹ for cadmium and lead, respectively. Regarding the second experiment, the results showed that the amount of cadmium and lead adsorbed on the CKD particle’s surface increased with time, where the highest amount of cadmium and lead adsorption was 39.94 and 34.93%, respectively, for shaking of 4 h. It is recommended to apply the experiment in real-world projects.

Harith Sadaa Madhan Al-Fahdawy, Mohammed Ismail Khalaf Al-Fahdawy, Omer Ismail Al-Fahdawi and Amer Hashim Abdulmajeed

Pharmaceutical Wastes as Emerging Groundwater Contaminants: A Review of Their Sources, Fate, Health Impacts, and Techniques for Analytical Detection and Treatment

Pharmaceutical wastes are emerging as significant groundwater contaminants, raising concerns over their long-term impacts on public health and ecosystems. This review examines the major sources of contamination—such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), septic systems, industrial discharges, and agricultural runoff—and explores how physicochemical properties and subsurface interactions influence their environmental fate. Although advanced analytical tools, such as liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have improved detection at trace levels, challenges in effective removal persist. Frequently detected contaminants include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, antidepressants, and hormone-disrupting compounds, often present in concentrations ranging from nanograms to micrograms per litre. Promising treatment technologies, including advanced oxidation processes and activated carbon adsorption, are discussed alongside their limitations. This review highlights the urgent need for comprehensive monitoring programmes, cost-effective remediation methods, and further investigation into the chronic effects of low-dose pharmaceutical exposure.

Bendalam Moulika, Edupuganti Naga Dhanamjaya Rao and Ayyagari Venkata Surya Satya Anand

Application of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to Assess Bio and ThermalConversion Technology Options for Organic Solid Waste Management

Indonesia is increasingly challenged by the management of organic solid waste, especially in Bali Province, where organic waste accounts for about 68% of the total municipal waste produced. The current waste management strategies mainly depend on landfilling and basic composting techniques, which are inadequate to mitigate the environmental and socio-economic effects. This research utilizes the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to systematically assess and prioritize eight bioconversion and thermal-conversion technologies for managing organic waste in Bali. The evaluation considers four main criteria, environmental, social, technical, and economic, along with their sub-criteria, based on expert opinions and literature review. The results reveal that bioconversion technologies, particularly composting, black soldier fly (BSF) processing, and eco-enzyme production, are the most appropriate choices, as they offer high community acceptance, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and better compatibility with local waste characteristics and socio-economic conditions. Thermal technologies like incineration and gasification are less favored due to their higher environmental risks and capital expenses. The findings offer a comprehensive decision-support framework for policymakers and practitioners to create sustainable organic waste management strategies tailored to Indonesia’s context.

I Made Gunamantha, Ni Wayan Yuningrat and Made Oviantari

Environmental Remediation and Sustainable Approaches to Heavy Metal Removal: A Comprehensive Review of Biosorption Techniques

Heavy metal-laden contaminated water poses a severe environmental threat due to its bioaccumulation tendency, persistent nature, and toxicity. Conventional wastewater treatment techniques, such as ion exchange, chemical precipitation, membrane separation, and electrocoagulation, can result in secondary pollutants, require high energy use, and involve high costs. This review discusses environmentally friendly methodologies for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous streams, and the biosorption process is a viable alternative to address sustainability concerns in conventional, energy-intensive industrial processes. The biosorption process utilises a wide range of natural biomasses, such as plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria, for the sequestration and removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Biosorption is mediated through various mechanisms, including physical adsorption, ion exchange, complexation, precipitation, and intracellular transport. The effectiveness of a biosorbent is based on the efficiency of sequestration and removal of heavy metals under given conditions. Some important factors affecting this include pH, temperature, contact time, biomass loading, and initial heavy metal ion concentration in the solution. Additionally, the capacity for biosorption for regeneration and reuse increases its commercial viability. This work explored the sources of biosorbents and the driving forces that govern their biosorption efficiency. Furthermore, this study provides an in-depth discussion of the factors that affect the effectiveness of the process. It establishes a fundamental understanding of biosorption mechanisms and influencing factors, paving the way for future commercialisation of this promising technology.

Prajakta Magdum and Nilisha Itankar

Sustainable Corrosion Protection in Concrete Using Henna Coatings: An Environmentally Friendly Alternative to Zinc Coatings

Corrosion of reinforcement bars in concrete compromises structural integrity and increases maintenance costs. This study investigates the effectiveness of organic (henna powder) and inorganic (zinc powder) corrosion inhibitor coatings in enhancing both corrosion resistance and bond strength retention of coated reinforcement bars embedded in concrete. The significance of the study lies in its approach to measuring the bond strength retention of coated reinforcement bars in a chloride-induced environment. To evaluate the corrosion mitigation and bond strength retention of the coated bars, cylindrical specimens of M20 grade of concrete were cast, having embedded coated and non-coated reinforcement bars having varying coating layers. Accelerated corrosion tests using a 3.5% NaCl solution were applied to cast specimens to simulate aggressive environmental conditions. Bond strength retention was assessed through pull-out tests in accordance with IS 2770: Part 1 (1967). Results showed that reinforcement bars with four coats of henna delayed corrosion initiation by up to 14,525 minutes (~10 days), compared to 6,132 minutes (~5 days) for uncoated bars, representing a 137% improvement in corrosion resistance at 20% corrosion levels. Zinc coatings improved corrosion resistance by up to 65% with four coats at 20% corrosion levels. In bond strength tests, uncoated samples exhibited a 42% reduction in bond strength at 20% corrosion, while henna-coated samples retained up to 90% of their original bond strength, significantly outperforming zinc-coated samples, which retained approximately 84%. The superior performance of henna coatings is attributed to the formation of a protective passive layer containing organic tannins and polyphenolic compounds such as lawsone. Unlike conventional admixture-based or epoxy-based corrosion inhibitors, which are either dispersed within the concrete matrix or applied externally to hardened surfaces, this study pioneers the direct application of henna as a coating on reinforcement bars-targeting corrosion mitigation precisely at the steel–concrete interface without compromising bond strength. These findings highlight the potential of organic inhibitors as cost-effective solutions and present a viable alternative to traditional epoxy-coating-based prevention methods for mitigating reinforcement corrosion while preserving bond strength, offering a promising approach for enhancing the durability of reinforced concrete structures. The study promotes the use of environmentally safe inhibitors to reduce the ecological footprint of reinforced concrete structures and supports the transition toward green and sustainable construction practices.

Satya Prakash and Nishant Kumar

Cellulose-Based Materials as a Sustainable Alternative to Plastics: Mitigating Environmental Pollution Through Biodegradability and Reduced Toxicity

This review examines the potential of using cellulose materials for overcoming environmental issues such as pollution, microplastics, and ecological toxicity as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. Unlike plastics, which persist in the environment and break down into microplastics, cellulose materials readily degrade into non-toxic organic compounds, thus reducing pollutants in soil and water. The review outlines the relatively low environmental impact of cellulose production from renewable materials such as timber, agricultural waste, and non-timber flora. Cellulose, unlike petroleum-based polymers, is produced with lower energy inputs, greenhouse gas emissions, and greater carbon capture during plant growth. Sustainably harvested and farmed cellulose strengthens its circular economy relationship, clocking in with boastful compostability, and in some instances, recyclability. The described processes, including the manufacture of nanocellulose, chemically and mechanically treat the cellulose, improving its strength, flexibility, moisture resistance, and expanding its application in packaging, biocomposites, textiles, and medical devices. There are still some disadvantages, such as high costs, lack of industrial composting, and absence of enabling legislation. The review calls for greater advocacy of policy change, technological improvements, and public awareness campaigns aimed at promoting the use of cellulose. Most importantly, it demonstrates why these materials are needed to reduce pollution inflicted by plastics, protect biodiversity, enhance sustainability, and manage waste through responsible consumption.

B. S. Ojelade, R. I. Nethanani and P. O. Adesoye

Risk Assessment of Groundwater Contamination by Heavy Metals in the Gangetic Plain: A Multivariate Statistical and Index-Based Study

Groundwater in the Gangetic Plain of India is increasingly vulnerable to heavy metal contamination, raising serious public health concerns. This study analyzed 12 heavy metals (As, Cr, Ni, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Se, Mo, Cd, and Co) in 30 groundwater samples using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Statistical evaluations included Shapiro-Wilk normalization, Pearson correlation (SPSS v25), and Principal Component Analysis (OriginLab v10.15). Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR) analyses were performed. The results showed that 70% of the samples from Ballia exceeded the HPI threshold (>100), with the highest value being 328.77. Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As) were the dominant contributors to non-carcinogenic risk, with HI values peaked at 28,334.8. The carcinogenic risk values for As and Ni exceeded the acceptable limits in all districts, with Prayagraj and Ballia showing total CR values of 2.17 and 3.00, respectively. Strong correlations among metals (e.g., Cd–Mn, r = 0.80) suggest anthropogenic origins, particularly from industrial and agricultural sources. These findings highlight the urgent need for routine monitoring, point-source control, and localized treatment to ensure groundwater safety

Namrata Pandey, Abhishek Saxena, Shivam Saw and Geetgovind Sinam

Factors That Determine the Efficiency of Public Environmental Protection Expenditures of OECD Countries: Super Efficiency DEA and Panel Data Analysis

One of the most crucial tools used by governments in addressing environmental issues is public environmental protection expenditure. This study aims to assess the efficiency of public environmental protection expenditures and identify the factors influencing this efficiency. In this study, we use environmental data of 30 OECD countries between 2008 and 2020 employing a two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology. In the first stage, we utilize the super-efficiency DEA model. Public environmental protection expenditures are considered as inputs, while carbon dioxide emissions, renewable energy production, forest area percentage, and particulate matter concentration in the air are treated as outputs. In the second stage, we conduct a classical panel data analysis, using the efficiency scores obtained in the first stage as the dependent variable. Independent variables include population density, urbanization, industrialization, per capita national income, and primary energy intensity. The empirical findings reveal a negative relationship between efficiency scores and both population density and primary energy intensity. Conversely, urbanization and industrialization exhibit a positive relationship with efficiency scores. No significant relationship is found between per capita national income and efficiency scores. These results suggest that urbanization and industrialization may affect the efficiency of public environmental protection expenditures. The study contributes to the literature by combining Super-Efficiency DEA with panel data analysis and by addressing a notable gap in empirical research on the efficiency of public environmental protection expenditures, specifically in OECD countries, offering policy-relevant insights for sustainable fiscal planning.

Senem Koç Arslan and Gülsüm Gürler Hazman

Biopolymers Production Strategies and Their Usage as Clean Material for Environmental Remediation

The renewable sources, biodegradability, and customizable physicochemical features of biopolymers make them viable alternatives to synthetic materials. Their use in wastewater, air, and soil remediation offers promising answers to pollution problems. This comprehensive analysis encompasses the natural extraction, microbial biosynthesis, and chemical polymerization of biopolymers. Chitosan, alginate, bacterial cellulose, and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are excellent biopolymers for wastewater treatment because they effectively adsorb heavy metals, dyes, and organic contaminants. Additionally, biopolymer-based membranes, composites, and hydrogels are garnering attention for air filtration and soil stabilization. Functional modifications have enhanced the efficiency and environmental sustainability of biopolymers through the application of synthetic biology and nanotechnology. This paper explores the potential of biopolymer-based environmental remediation technologies to replace synthetic materials in sustainable pollution management, highlighting recent advances, challenges, and prospects.

Peraman Muthukumaran, Murugesan Kamaraj, Palanisamy Suresh Babu and Jeyaseelan Aravind

Mitigating the Potential of Garlic and Turmeric in Aflatoxin-Contaminated Feeds of Oreochromis niloticus

"Fish feed contamination by mycotoxins presents serious challenges to farmers, as consuming aflatoxin-contaminated feed can result in toxin accumulation in fish, potentially posing risks to human health. This study assessed the detoxifying effects of garlic and turmeric powders on mycotoxin-contaminated feed and their impact on the growth and hematological parameters of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus (17.18±0.798g). Conducted in circular concrete tanks (0.5 m deep and 0.58 m in diameter), the experiment involved eight treatments (TDs) with three replicates each: TD1 (mold-free feed), TD2 (feed contaminated with Aspergillus flavus mold), TD3 (20 g garlic.kg-1 contaminated feed), TD4 (40 g garlic. kg-1 contaminated feed), TD5 (60 g garlic.kg-1 contaminated feed), TD6 (20 g turmeric.kg-1 contaminated feed), TD7 (40 g turmeric.kg-1 contaminated feed), and TD8 (60 g turmeric. kg-1 contaminated feed). Feeding trials spanned ten weeks to evaluate the effects of garlic and turmeric in mitigating aflatoxin impacts on fish growth and nutrient utilization. Some of the key findings are: Aflatoxin levels in analyzed feeds before (2.6448 µg.kg-1) and after (123.168 µg.kg-1) the inclusion of Aspergillus flavus varied. Feed processing methods, such as pelleting and drying, reduced aflatoxin concentrations. Significant reduction (P<0.05) in weight gain at TD2 (9.7 g) was observed compared to other treatments with the inclusion of garlic and turmeric. TD6 (turmeric at 20 g.kg-1) showed the most pronounced improvement in fish growth parameters, with the highest final weight (16.07 g), weight gain (14.00 g), feed intake (10.98 g), and specific growth rate (2.95%.day-1), while also achieving the lowest feed conversion ratio (0.78). Though pelleting and drying contributed to reducing aflatoxin levels, aflatoxins did not necessarily impact protein efficiency ratio (PER), nor did garlic and turmeric significantly enhance it. The inclusion of garlic and turmeric showed an improved nutrient utilization in Oreochromis niloticus despite the presence of aflatoxins in the feed.

Iyabo Dan-Ologe, Ayokunle Ilesanmi and Folakemi Awanu

Modeling the Effect of WWTP Bypass Events on Water Quality in Sebou River Estuary, Morocco

Historically, urban wastewater from Kenitra was directly discharged into the Sebou estuary (68 km) through six collectors, producing environmental degradation and prompting the Kenitra wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in 2020. Although designed to treat all urban wastewater before discharge, WWTP (19.4 km from the mouth) experiences bypass events during Eid al-Adha when organic loads surge due to widespread animal slaughter. This study aims to model the Bypass impact on Sebou estuary water quality, focusing on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) as a key indicator. Given the strong dependence of water quality on hydrodynamics, a one-dimensional hydraulic model (HEC-RAS5.0.6) was used, calibrated, and validated using morphological datasets. The hydraulic simulation outputs (water levels and flow velocities) were then used in the water quality module to simulate BOD5 dynamics. Three scenarios were examined: untreated discharge, discharge after treatment at WWTP, and Eid al-Adha bypass event. The results indicated a 90% BOD5 reduction posttreatment, confirming WWTP efficiency. However, during the bypass event, BOD5 surged to 4.3 mg.L-1, significantly deteriorating Sebou estuary water quality. The pollution residence time varied from 3 days under high freshwater flow (300 m3 .s-1) to 9 days under tidal dominance (0 m3 .s-1). These findings highlight the urgent need for adaptive wastewater management (pre-treatment during peak periods and public awareness campaigns) during peak-load events to mitigate ecological risks and safeguard downstream communities relying on the estuary for water and livelihoods.

A. Touazit, B. Abbi , Y. Nizar and M. Igouzal

Effects of Climate Change on Drought: A Systematic Review of Drought Indices and Climate Change

Global weather patterns are greatly impacted by climate change, making droughts more frequent and severe, especially in regions with limited adaptation capacity. This review evaluates the strengths and limitations of widely used drought indices in the context of climate change. Our analysis identifies the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as the most robust tools for monitoring drought under current and projected climate scenarios, with CMIP6 models indicating increased drought risk for vulnerable regions such as South Asia. The integration of remote sensing and artificial intelligence enhances the accuracy and adaptability of drought monitoring. The findings highlight the need for region-specific frameworks and actionable recommendations for researchers, policymakers, and technologists to improve drought resilience and management strategies.

Chebrolu Madhu Sudhan, Seenu P. Z., Sri Lakshmi Sesha Vani Jayanthi, D. Harinder and Mahaboob Peera Kamatalam

The Influence of Urban Green Spaces on Airborne Particulate Pollution: A Case Study of Phutthamonthon Park, Bangkok Suburb, Thailand

Urban green spaces play a vital role in promoting public health and enhancing the quality of urban environments, particularly through their potential to mitigate air pollution. This study investigated the association between green space and airborne particulate matter (PM) of various sizes, including PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and total dust, within Phutthamonthon Park. Located in Nakhon Pathom Province, adjacent to Bangkok, Phutthamonthon Park is one of the largest suburban green spaces in the region. The park serves as a significant recreational and cultural hub that supports diverse activities, including walking, cycling, and community gatherings, while simultaneously contributing to urban air quality management through its extensive vegetation cover and open spaces. The study also assessed the influence of meteorological factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and time of day on PM concentrations. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in January 2025 using DustTrak DRX Aerosol Monitors across four zones of the park during morning, midday, and evening periods, yielding a total of 144 samples. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in total dust levels within green spaces, with peripheral zones exhibiting 50-100% higher concentrations compared to interior areas. However, no statistically significant differences were observed for PM1, PM2.5, and PM10, which remained elevated during morning hours, likely due to unfavorable atmospheric conditions. These findings underscore the complex role of urban greenery in air quality management, revealing both benefits and limitations. The study offers practical insights for urban planners and policymakers, emphasizing the importance of strategic green space design in reducing air pollution and promoting healthier urban living conditions.

Nuchcha Phonphoton and Areeya Jirathananuwat

Sustainable Reinforcement of Rubber Compound Using Recycled PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate): A Review

Increasing environmental concerns over plastic waste and the depletion of non-renewable resources have intensified the search for sustainable alternatives in rubber reinforcement. This review comprehensively investigates the use of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (r-PET) as a green reinforcing agent in rubber compounds, replacing traditional fillers such as carbon black and silica. Experimental studies reveal that incorporating r-PET can improve tensile strength by up to 45%, enhance thermal stability by 20–30°C, and lead to energy savings of approximately 50 MJ.kg-1 compared to virgin PET. Notably, this review is the first to integrate mechanical performance analysis with life cycle assessment (LCA), providing a dual perspective on technical feasibility and environmental impacts. Processing methods, such as mechanical blending, chemical grafting, and surface modification, have been discussed to enhance r-PET compatibility with rubber matrices. Challenges such as poor dispersion, interfacial adhesion, and thermal degradation are critically analyzed, along with mitigation strategies. The findings demonstrate that r-PET not only offers performance and cost advantages but also supports circular economy initiatives by repurposing postconsumer PET waste into high-performance rubber composite. Future research directions are proposed, focusing on hybrid reinforcement systems, compatibility enhancement, and carbon-footprint reduction.

Maulik Chauhan, Sunil Padhiyar, Rupande Desai, Bhakti Patel and Purvi Shukla

Performance Analysis of Membrane Distillation in Desalinating and Concentrating Brine on a Pilot Scale

Investigating desalination and brine concentration using advanced membrane and thermal processes is crucial for reducing energy consumption and costs in the desalination industry. Emerging technologies such as forward osmosis (FO), osmotically assisted forward osmosis (OAFO), pressure-assisted forward osmosis (PAFO), electrodialysis (ED), membrane distillation (MD), and solvent extraction desalination (SED) have shown promise at the lab and pilot scales but are not yet commercially viable due to operational and economic challenges. In our study, we focused on MD to evaluate desalination performance using various saline feeds, including fresh, brackish, seawater, and desalination brine from Kuwait, applying both electrical and solar heating methods. Results revealed higher water flux for brackish water compared to seawater and brine, with salt rejection unaffected by increased salinity. Energy consumption was more influenced by feed quantity than by salinity. The water flux ranged from 1.5 to 2 L per square metre per hour (L.m²h-1), with a water recovery of 3.3 to 4% in electrical heating mode of operation. Solar mode operation of the MD system showed a water flux of 0.95 to 1 L.m²h-1, with an average recovery of 2.75%. Our findings highlight the practical potential of MD for solar desalination and brine concentration in remote areas and small-scale industrial waste treatment.

Garudachari Bhadrachari, Mansour Ahmad, Rajesha Kumar Alambi, A. Al-Mesri and Jibu P. Thomas

Sunlight-Induced Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Red Using Lignocellulosic Biomass of Ricinus communis Stem with Isotherm and Kinetic Modeling

Nowadays, Water pollution is a major global issue brought on by the mixing of effluents from various industries, such as leather, paper, printing, cosmetics, Textile etc., containing metal ions and dyes. This impact causes severe damage to the health of humans, aquatic plants and animals. In view of removing the dyes from the wastewater, several techniques available pose certain drawbacks. To combat such issues, a rapid, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sludge-less method for removing dye from the effluent using activated Ricinus communis stem as a catalyst in the solar irradiation method is discussed and reported with results. The adsorption studies carried out, followed by degradation of methyl red onto Si-RCS, shows 86% in the presence of natural sunlight, and the optimum dye concentration was 20 ppm at 0.25 g photocatalyst dosage. It depicts that the prepared adsorbent material, Si-RCS, can be used as an effective adsorbent as well as a photo-catalyst to treat textile effluents. The best fit model was found to be pseudo-second order based on the R2 value. Among the isotherm models studied, it was found that Langmuir is the best fit model.

V. Nirmala Devi, B. Jeyagowri, S. J. Pradeeba, L. Vidhya and N. Nithiya

Divergent Energy Paths - A Trend Analysis of Global Energy Growth Across Economic Classifications

This study examines global energy growth trends from 1990 to 2022, utilizing secondary data from sources like the IEA, the World Bank, and the United Nations. The analysis focuses on indicators such as total energy consumption, fossil fuel and renewable energy consumption, energy intensity, and carbon emissions. The study employs various econometric techniques, including stationarity testing using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test to examine the time series data for unit roots. A semi-logarithmic trend model is used to estimate the long run trends of energy indicators, and a Kinked Exponential Growth Model is applied to capture variations in growth across different sub-periods, accounting for potential structural breaks. The data was tested for stationarity using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, showing a non-stationary process at the level but stationary at the first difference ( I(1) process). The semi-logarithmic trend model revealed significant differences in growth rates across economic classifications. For developed countries, Japan (5.05%) and the United States (5.5%) had high growth rates, while New Zealand and the UK showed negative growth. In developing countries, China (6.7%), India (5.8%), and South Africa (4.7%) showed strong growth, whereas Nigeria (2.3%) and Pakistan (3.5%) had lower rates. The discontinuous growth analysis revealed steady positive growth for most countries, while Denmark and Finland experienced minimal or negative growth in certain periods.

Sanjiv Sarkar and B. Mathavan

Enhanced Flood Management Using a Climate Disaster Image Dataset

Floods are among the most destructive climate-related disasters, necessitating the development of effective tools for precise forecasting and prompt action. This study proposes a hybrid flood detection framework that integrates temporal rainfall trend analysis with spatial image classification. The system uses a specially created dataset that includes 650 annotated images with flood and non-flood labels, along with the associated meteorological variables, temperature, humidity, precipitation, and symbolic weather conditions. When used for image classification, MobileNetV2, which was chosen for its effectiveness in resource constrained environments, achieved a 94.36?tection accuracy and a 32?crease in misclassification compared to conventional models. An 80:20 train-test split with cross validation was used to train and assess the model. The time-series component of the system looks for patterns in seasonal flood risk by analyzing historical rainfall data. The integration of time-series and image-based analyses into a single predictive platform, which permits spatiotemporal flood detection, is one of the main contributions of this study. To aid decision making, a visualization dashboard shows rainfall trends. These findings imply that the system can assist with disaster preparedness and response planning and is appropriate for real-time deployment in flood-prone areas. To improve the predictive power of the system, future research should focus on expanding the dataset and incorporating sophisticated forecasting models.

Sangita Jaybhaye, Prakash Sharma, Devang Bissa, Purva Golegaonkar, Ishawar Borade and Sailee Dorle

The Long-term Anthropogenic Processes’ Effects on Ecological Footprints in Morocco: A STIRPAT Analysis Based on Four Co-integration Approaches

Morocco provides a stark example of how a developing country in the southern hemisphere of Africa is struggling with the diverse and devastating impacts of climate change, which are exacerbated by development issues and a lack of studies that allow for understanding the causal effects of environmental degradation, a crucial factor in informing adequate policy responses. An exhaustive STIRPAT analysis, conducted in Morocco from 1970 to 2023, uses four pieces of empirical evidence and four cointegration methods: ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR. The increase in ecological footprints of production, consumption, import, and export in Morocco is due to urbanization, technical progress, trade openness, and economic growth, respectively. Anthropogenic processes, attributed to urbanization, economic growth, technological progress, and trade openness, have a positive contribution to environmental alteration and have been found unsustainable in the Moroccan context. Thus, relevant policies are being proposed at the individual, organizational, and governmental levels to reduce their environmental burden, increase bio-capacity regeneration potential, and promote environmental sustainability both in Morocco and beyond.

El Asli Hamdi , Madane Youness and Azeroual Mohamed

Recent Advances in Integrated Carbon Dioxide Capture: Exploring Carbon Capture Methods and AI Integration

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals depends on decarbonizing the industrial sector, as it still contributes the most to global greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. Reducing emissions from fossil fuel-based energy systems critically depends on carbon capture, especially post-combustion carbon capture (PCC). Absorption-based carbon capture (ACC) is the most developed and extensively applied PCC system. However, ACC systems are quite energy-intensive and require major heating and cooling utilities, which increases the running costs and makes large-scale adoption difficult. This study investigates the current developments in carbon capture technology and emphasizes the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) to address optimization challenges. In particular, it suggests an artificial intelligence-based approach for improving ACC system design, operation, and utility consumption forecasting. AI-driven solutions can promote scalable and reasonably priced carbon capture technologies by allowing accurate and fast assessments of technical and financial viability. This study emphasizes how artificial intelligence might hasten the shift toward more environmentally friendly industrial methods and significantly support global climate action targets (SDG 13).

Priya, A. K., Elavarasan, S., Deepshikha, D., Shyamala, G., Ramaraju, H. K. and Gokulan, R.

Valorization of Corn Cob into Cellulose-Based Bioplastics: Extraction, Fabrication and Biodegradability Evaluation

The increasing production, consumption, and improper disposal of petroleum-based plastics are causing environmental degradation. A sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to resolve the synthetic plastic-based problem is bioplastic. Agricultural waste, rich in cellulose, can be used as a raw material for bioplastic production and supporting circular economy goals. The purpose of the current study is to isolate cellulose from corn cob using alkali and bleaching treatment, and its utilization in the synthesis of bioplastic. The study also incorporates the sensory evaluation, thickness test, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy characterization. Further, the prepared bioplastic was tested for biodegradability. The yield of extracted cellulose was 53.1±0.7%. Bioplastic was successfully prepared using the solvent casting method, which was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The range of thickness was between 0.37±0.07 mm-0.45±0.06 mm. The degradation period was observed to be 21 days to 35 days. This study promotes the effective valorisation of agricultural residue, corn cob, and proposes an environmentally responsible waste management strategy. The prepared bioplastic may prove beneficial in packaging applications, leading to reduced reliance on fossil fuels and environmental pollution.

Shikha Kumari, Alka Rao, Manjeet Kaur and Geeta Dhania

Assessing the Long-Term Changes in Potential Evapotranspiration and Its Impact on Agriculture in Lahaul and Spiti, Himachal Pradesh

Long-term variations in Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) are important for evaluating climate changes that affect agriculture in sensitive high-altitude regions. This study examined PET temporal trends from 1951 to 2022 and assessed the agricultural implications for the cold desert district of Lahaul and Spiti in the Indian State of Himachal Pradesh. Monthly PET data were obtained from the CRU TS v4.07 dataset and computed using the FAO Penman Monteith method. Non-parametric statistical tests used to detect seasonal and annual trends were the Mann-Kendall (MK) test, the Modified Mann-Kendall (m-MK) test, and the Innovative Trend Analysis method. Increases and decreases across all seasons were statistically significant, with the strongest negative trend observed during the agricultural season (April–October), with MK Z-values ranging from –6.47 to –2.92 and m-MK values from –12.16 to –2.14. The annual PET declined at a rate of –0.0030 mm/year at Grid Point 1 (Z = –7.04). These results suggest that declining atmospheric moisture demand may reduce crop irrigation requirements. However, changes in evapotranspiration, cropping intensity, and protected cultivation systems might also increase disease susceptibility. The study stresses the need to plan adaptive water and crop management strategies that align with the changing PET scenario.

Ashwani and Pankaj Kumar

Hydrological Model-Based Planning of Soil and Water Conservation Practices for Enhanced Watershed Saturation and Sustainable Development in a Semi-Arid Region

The strategic use of Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) techniques is essential for efficient watershed management and hydrological processes in semi-arid areas. This study elaborates on a scientific framework following a ridge-to-valley approach for model-based planning of land and drainage line treatments to develop a stage of the watershed known as watershed saturation, where the maximum generated runoff is conserved while maintaining environmental flow downstream. Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), the study modelled the hydrologic processes in the Chikkodi sub-watershed, a semi-arid region. The assessment of existing SWC measures (bunding, trenching, Checkdam, etc.) formed a key baseline analysis; it revealed a significant 26.17% runoff reduction due to the combined effect of existing SWCs and provided insights for subsequent planning. Based on the model outputs, this study recommends land treatment, that is, bunding and trenching, in the identified critical areas, which effectively intercept the runoff at the source and maximize infiltration. Conservation of the remaining runoff through drainage line treatments (check dams) is proposed as the next crucial step in the ridge-to-valley strategy. This study highlights the necessity of a science-based framework for the sustainable management of semi-arid watersheds, emphasizing that with improved watershed saturation, there is increased local water availability, which supports environmental flow. By combining the assessment of existing treatments with hydrological modeling for proactive planning, the proposed methodology provides a flexible and transferable approach to SWC practice optimization for enhancing watershed water storage in similar semi-arid landscapes.

Vivek Patil, Nagraj S. Patil and Shruthi R. G.

Bioaccessibility of Heavy Metals in Raw and Processed Alternanthera sessilis and Centella asiatica: An In vitro Study

Heavy metals pose significant risks to food safety because of their persistence in the environment and their ability to accumulate in the food chain. Even small amounts of these metals can harm human health upon consumption. This study assessed the in vitro bioaccessibility of Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu in two commonly consumed green leafy vegetables in Sri Lanka, Alternanthera sessilis and Centella asiatica. Composite samples of A. sessilis and C. asiatica were randomly collected from the Western Province, Sri Lanka. The edible portions of each sample were divided into three 200 g test portions and subjected to the following treatments: Treatment 1 - raw sample, Treatment 2 - cooked sample, and Treatment 3 - stir-fried sample. The in vitro bioaccessibility of heavy metals in raw, cooked, and stir-fried samples was determined using a physiology-based extraction test (PBET). In contrast to the overall concentrations of heavy metals in A. sessilis and C. asiatica, the bioaccessible fractions were significantly lower in raw, cooked, and stir-fried samples (P<0.05). Moreover, significant differences were observed in metal concentrations between the intestinal and gastric stages. The average bioaccessibility (%) of Cu was considerably higher in the intestinal stage, whereas Cr, Cd, Pb, and Ni were higher (P<0.05) in the gastric stage. Additionally, cooking and stir-frying reduced the bioaccessibility of metals compared with the raw samples.

Thilini Kananke, Jagath Wansapala and Anil Gunarathne

Do Climate Variables Influence Fish Production in Top Fishery Economies? Evidence from the ARDL Approach

Climate change poses significant challenges to food security worldwide, particularly in the fisheries sector, where fish production is highly sensitive to climatic variables. This study investigates the long- and short-run impacts of climate change on fish production in four major fish-producing countries, China, India, Vietnam, and Bangladesh, using annual time-series data from 1990 to 2020. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was employed to examine long-run equilibrium relationships between climate factors (precipitation, minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures, and CO2 emissions) and total fish production, as well as adjustments to short-run deviations. The findings revealed distinct patterns across countries: CO2 emissions positively influenced long-term fish production in China, India, and Bangladesh, whereas precipitation boosted fish production in China and Bangladesh. In contrast, Vietnam showed no long-run equilibrium, indicating higher sensitivity to short-term climatic fluctuations. In the short run, CO2 emissions significantly enhanced fish production in Bangladesh, with regional temperature effects varying. The minimum temperature positively impacted long-term fish production in China but negatively affected it in Bangladesh. In Vietnam, an increase in the maximum temperature enhanced short-run production, whereas a decrease in the minimum temperature reduced it. This study examined the critical role of CO2 emissions, precipitation, and temperature in influencing fish production, offering key insights for policymakers to develop adaptive strategies for sustainable fish production amid climate change.

Jaganathan Maniselvam, Swadesh Prakash and Karthik Kumar Goud Palsam

Enhancing S.I. Engine Performance with Metal-Doped Zeolite X Derived from Rice Husk

The increasing prevalence of harmful NOx emissions from gasoline engines necessitates the development of alternatives to traditional three-way catalytic converters. This study investigates the potential of low-cost zeolites derived from rice husk ash as a promising alternative. Na-X zeolites derived from rice husk ash were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to determine their structural properties and morphology. These zeolites were then modified with copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) ions to create Cu-X and Fe-X zeolite catalysts. The catalysts were wash coated onto cordierite honeycomb monoliths and integrated and properly housed in a steel casing catalytic converter and fitted near the exhaust manifold of a twin-cylinder nano engine. Engine performance and emissions were evaluated under various operating loads (4, 7, 10, 13, and 16 kW). NOx, CO, HC, CO2, and O2 emissions were measured using an AVL DI gas analyzer. The results demonstrated that the developed Cu-X and Fe-X zeolite converters significantly outperformed the conventional catalytic converter in reducing NOx emissions, while maintaining comparable performance for other pollutants. The enhanced NOx reduction capabilities of the zeolite catalysts can be attributed to their unique structural properties and the synergistic effect of the copper and iron ions.

Aasthiya Bharathinathan, Karthikeyan Duraisamy and Sethuraman Narayanan

Assessing the Educational Significance of Microplastic Impact on Sardinella gibbosa: Implications for Marine Sustainability and Public Health in Caraga Region, Philippines

This research study aims to provide an educational assessment of microplastic contamination by examining the presence of microplastics in the gut contents of Sardinella gibbosa collected from the coastal waters of Magallanes, Agusan del Norte. Sixty fish samples were analyzed, revealing that 75% of them had ingested microplastics, with over 90% of the particles identified as fibers. These fibers are presumed to originate from environmental pollutants such as discarded fishing nets, degraded plastic debris, and other synthetic waste. The results highlight the urgent issue of microplastic pollution in local marine ecosystems and its potential impact on food safety and sustainability. Importantly, this study serves as an educational tool to raise awareness about marine pollution and its cascading effects on public health, marine biodiversity, and community livelihoods. While the research focused primarily on detecting microplastics in fish digestive systems, it underscores the need for further educational programs and research initiatives to explore the broader implications, particularly the health risks to humans consuming contaminated seafood. Integrating these findings into marine science education can foster environmental stewardship among students, policymakers, and local communities. Continued monitoring and public education on plastic waste reduction are crucial steps toward mitigating microplastic pollution and promoting sustainable marine practices in the Caraga Region.

Julie S. Berame, Minie L. Bulay, Jovanie D. Alias, Apple Grace T. Ochate, Lovejoy P. Tiña and Noel P. Sastrillas

Assessing Water Quality Through Remote Sensing: A Regression-Based Approach with Sentinel-2 Data

Monitoring water quality is essential for ensuring human health and environmental sustainability. Traditional methods that rely on laboratory analysis and point-based sampling often lack sufficient spatial and temporal coverage. This study assessed the water quality along the Sabarmati Riverfront in Ahmedabad, India, using Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Key parameters, including pH, turbidity (Tur), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Solids (TS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Phosphorus (TP), Fecal Coliform (FC), and ammonia (NH?), were estimated using remote sensing. An empirical regression model was developed to relate in situ data to satellite-derived spectral indices. Results revealed significant seasonal and spatial variations, with some areas showing favorable levels of TSS, BOD, and FC. The model showed strong predictive accuracy for pH, TSS, and TP (R² = 0.80, R² = 0.76, R² = 0.75, respectively) and moderate performance for turbidity (R² = 0.62). Integrating remote sensing and GIS enables scalable, cost-effective, real-time water quality monitoring, providing critical insights for pollution control and water resource management. Future research should explore hyperspectral imaging and machine learning to enhance predictive accuracy and broaden the applicability of satellite-based monitoring models.

Mridul S. Seth, Mrugen B. Dholakia, Sanjay D. Dhiman, Umesh. K. Khare, Jignesh A. Amin, Pranavkumar Bhangaonkar and Dipika Shah

What Remains When Territory Disappears? On the Possibility of Climate Sovereignty

As rising sea levels threaten to render low-lying island states uninhabitable, international law faces an urgent dilemma - whether statehood persists without territory or not. The traditional idea of statehood is called into question if increasing sea levels submerge an entire nation’s landmass. Traditional legal frameworks, anchored in the territorial criteria outlined by the Montevideo Convention, provide no definitive guidance on this unprecedented scenario. This article proposes “climate sovereignty,” a novel theoretical framework designed to address the challenges of climate-induced territorial loss. Climate sovereignty redefines statehood beyond fixed territory, emphasizing the continuity of a people, their governing institutions, and collective identity, even when physical territory is submerged or uninhabitable. By shifting international legal recognition from a land-centric approach to a communitybased framework rooted in self-determination, climate sovereignty offers a legal pathway responsive to the evolving realities of vulnerable states. Through illustrative cases of Tuvalu and Kiribati, this article demonstrates the normative justification and legal viability of recognizing deterritorialized statehood within contemporary international law. Ultimately, this article seeks to advance international law’s response to an unprecedented existential threat, advocating for proactive recognition mechanisms and urging a fundamental reconsideration of sovereignty itself. It argues that, in a climate-altered world, nationhood must not disappear alongside territory.

Yatong Yang

Integrated Flood Hazard Assessment Using AHP-GIS in the Pallikaranai Marshland, Buckingham Canal Corridor, India

The resultant impact of climate change and urbanization has caused extensive disruption to natural hydrological processes, thus enhancing the flood risk in susceptible areas. This study evaluated flood processes in the Pallikaranai Marshland–Buckingham Canal corridor using detailed flood inundation modeling and risk assessment methodology. Important geospatial factors and variables, such as rainfall, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), slope, Land Use Land Cover (LULC), river distance, flow length, and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), were weighed and ranked. These weighted parameters were assimilated to estimate the Flood Hazard Index (FHI), which was subsequently applied to create an intricately mapped flood hazard. The analysis and testing of the involved parameters by assessing flood susceptibility has been facilitated with hydrological modeling, Geographic Information System (GIS), as well as with remote sensing procedures. Deep-learning frameworks, particularly convolutional neural networks, have also shown high predictive capability for regional flood susceptibility (Kalantar et al. 2021). The findings suggest that urban growth has resulted in extensive wetland degradation, elevated surface runoff, and more frequent flooding, particularly during intense rainfall. The FHI-based flood hazard map identifies critical areas at risk of flooding, highlighting the explicit role of land cover changes in flood intensity and frequency. This study underscores the urgent need for sustainable urban planning, wetland conservation, and climate-resilient infrastructure to mitigate flood hazards and enhance longterm urban flood resilience in the region. These results help to better understand urban flood hazards and offer a scientific foundation for future flood management.

H. Sylasri and R. Shanmuga Priyan

A Modified Neural Network for Predicting the Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation Using Weather and Operational Parameter

Solar PV systems often face challenges feeding power into the local grid due to weather dependence. Although solar PV generation is variable, it is predictable and can help maintain grid stability. In this study, a modified neural network is developed to forecast power generation for a 500-kW solar farm under Thailand’s climatic conditions. Year-round operational data from the solar PV plant are used to train the forecasting model, and over 15% of the period is reserved for power generation prediction and validation against the actual power profile. Keras provides an effective interface, with TensorFlow as the backend engine, which is well-suited for high-computation processes. For training and testing, a batch size of 32 and 50 epochs is used as standard parameters, helping avoid overfitting and improving computational efficiency. It was found that during 75% of the sunshine period, the solar PV system generated 50% of its nominal DC capacity, indicating efficient operation. A 0.22 kW average difference between the forecasting model and the actual power profile indicates 99.86?curacy over the testing period. The difference between actual and predicted power ranged from 2.88 kW to -4.67 kW, and the corresponding MAE, MSE, and RMSE were 0.87, 1.32, and 1.15, respectively. Furthermore, the developed ANN-based forecasting model is highly recommended for commercial use to avoid penalties from the grid authority and enhance grid stability.

Jindaporn Ongate, Khumphicha Tantisantisom and Vilaythong Aemixay

Multivariable Analysis of Indoor VOC Dynamics in a Smart Urban Building: Advancing Evidence-Based and Health-Centered Air Quality Management

This study investigates the dynamics of indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including formaldehyde, xylene, and toluene, within a newly constructed smart urban building in Bangkok, Thailand. It aims to identify key determinants of air quality and to support datadriven strategies for healthier indoor environments. A total of 120 indoor air samples were collected from multiple zones and timeframes, considering building usage patterns, air conditioning operation, and environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and air velocity. Statistical analyses revealed that air velocity and usage time significantly influenced VOC concentrations, while the time period was a critical factor for formaldehyde levels. Toluene concentrations exceeded the ACGIH guideline (20 ppm) in 13% of samples, and formaldehyde levels surpassed NIOSH thresholds in all samples, indicating potential exposure risks. Higher ventilation rates were linked to reduced pollutant accumulation, particularly during peak occupancy. Strong correlations between toluene and xylene also indicated shared emission sources. Although most values remained within regulatory limits, some exceeded health-based guidelines. These findings highlight the complex interactions among building operations, environmental conditions, and chemical exposure, and suggest targeted ventilation scheduling, particularly early-morning activation, to reduce VOC peaks. The study provides a practical framework for designing adaptive ventilation systems and developing guidelines to improve indoor air quality in new buildings. Insights from this research can inform future policy, urban planning, and smart building design aimed at reducing health risks and enhancing environmental resilience.

Nuchcha Phonphoton, Suwat Suksawatdi and Chotirot Thonotue

Full Issue

Acceptance Rate and Publication Time

Acceptance rate: 30-40 %
Preliminary Scrutiny: 10-15 days from submission
Initial Acceptance Letter: 7-8 weeks from submission
Prepublished Paper: 4-6 weeks from final acceptance
Final Publication: 7-10 months from final acceptance

Journal Metrics

Scopus CiteScore (2024): 1.5
Scopus SJR Index (2024) = 0.234
SJR H Index (2024) = 20
Index Copernicus International (2023) = 132.21
NAAS Rating (2024) = 5.33

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