Nature Environment and Pollution Technology

Sustainable Energy Recovery from Coastal Plastic Waste: A Pyrolysis-Driven Micro Power System Approach

Plastic waste accumulation in coastal regions poses a critical environmental and energy access challenge, particularly in underserved areas. This study introduces a novel integration of pyrolysis technology with a micro-scale thermal power generation system designed to convert coastal plastic waste into both thermal and electrical energy. The originality lies in the systematic coupling of a shell-and-tube pyrolysis reactor with a mini steam turbine-generator unit, optimized through thermodynamic analysis, including heat transfer performance, turbulent fluid dynamics, and energy conversion efficiency. Experimental results show that the reactor achieves efficient thermal decomposition (Re = 5,622; shell-side heat flux = 13,212.5 W), while the system produces 13.2 W of electricity with an overall efficiency of 60.66%. Additionally, a spiral condenser enhances heat recovery, reinforcing system sustainability. This integrated design demonstrates a practical, scalable, and eco-friendly solution for simultaneous plastic waste mitigation and decentralized energy generation, particularly in coastal and remote communities where infrastructure is limited. The system sets a precedent for developing modular waste-to-energy technologies that align with circular economy principles and climate resilience goals.

Dwi Novalita Tanri Abeng, Abd. Wahid Wahab, Winarni Monoarfa and Eymal Bahsar Demmallino

Achieving Sustainability in India: Analyzing Carbon Neutrality Scenarios Using the Novel Fourier-NARDL Approach

India’s commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2070 represents the strategic significance of cleaner energy sources, such as nuclear energy, in reducing environmental degradation. This study examines the asymmetric relationship between nuclear energy R&D spending and environmental quality, as determined by the Load Capacity Factor (LCF), from 1978 to 2022. The Fourier Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (Fourier-NARDL) model is used to obtain potential nonlinear adjustments and continuous structural changes. Empirical findings show that positive shocks in nuclear energy consumption (NUC) expenditure play a very positive role in improving environmental quality in the long run (?? = 0.37, p < 0.05), and negative shocks have a negative effect (?? = ?0.29, p < 0.10). There is also asymmetric behavior in short-run dynamics, but of a smaller dimension. These results provide empirical evidence of the Load Capacity Curve (LCC) hypothesis for India and highlight the importance of the long-term ecological balance that can be attained by focusing on long-term nuclear R&D investment. This research has practical implications for policymakers who aim to align energy innovation strategies with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 2070 carbon-neutral objective of India.

A. Mohanapriya, R. Shenbagavalli and M. Balamurugan

Index-Based Evaluation (IBE) and Geospatial Mapping of Heavy Metal Contamination in Groundwater of an Industrially Influenced Peri-Urban Area of Guwahati, Assam, India

This study evaluates the geospatial variability of heavy metal contamination in groundwater within an industrially influenced peri-urban area spanning parts of Guwahati, Assam, and Meghalaya, India. A total of 26 samples were analyzed for nine heavy metals, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Fe, using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) during both pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Index-Based Evaluation (IBE) was employed to assess cumulative contamination levels. Results revealed maximum concentrations of Pb (0.206 mg.L-1), Cd (0.011 mg.L-1), Ni (0.049 mg.L-1), and Mn (1.983 mg.L-1) in the groundwater samples. Metal Index (MI) values ? 6 at 21 (pre-monsoon) and 7 (post-monsoon) sites indicated serious contamination, while Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) values > 100 at 22 and 20 sites, respectively, classified the water as unsuitable for drinking. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) and box plots further supported the temporal patterns of contamination. Geospatial mapping of MI using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) technique revealed that 78% (pre-monsoon) and 69% (post-monsoon) of the area were seriously or strongly affected, while HPI interpolation indicated 97% and 95% of the area under high-pollution zones, respectively. The findings underscore the strong anthropogenic impact of cement and brick industries on groundwater quality, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and effluent control. The adopted framework provides a transferable model for early detection, spatial prioritization, and remediation of heavy metal contamination in industrially stressed aquifers globally.

Debasish Chutia, Satyajit Kataki and Aditya Shankar Kataki

Comparison of Optimum Dosages of Biocoagulant and Commercial Coagulant Alum in the Coagulation-Flocculation Process of Tofu Wastewater

The tofu industry produces wastewater containing organic matter, suspended solids, and high nitrogen compounds that have the potential to pollute the environment. This research compares the effectiveness of natural biocoagulants derived from maggot shells and moringa seeds with commercial alum coagulants in the coagulation-flocculation process of tofu wastewater. The novelty of this research lies in the use of maggot shells, which are biomass waste, as a natural coagulant. Until now, maggot shells have rarely been used in wastewater treatment, unlike moringa seeds, which have been extensively researched and proven to be effective due to their 44.8?tionic protein content. The research methods included the production of biocoagulants, the determination of the optimum dose through jar tests, and the analysis of pH, TSS, turbidity, and color parameters. The results indicated that all coagulants effectively reduced TSS, turbidity, and color levels. The alum coagulant demonstrated the highest efficiency, achieving 98.66% TSS removal, 86.67% turbidity removal, and 96.17% color removal at an optimal dose of 250 mg.L-1. The moringa seed biocoagulant achieved a comparable performance with 98.66% TSS, 86.67% turbidity, and 96.17% color removal at 150 mg.L-1. In contrast, the maggot shell biocoagulant showed moderate efficiency, removing 83.89% TSS, 74.96% turbidity, and 77.48% color removal at 150 mg.L-1.

Okik Hendriyanto Cahyonugroho, Nur Laili Alfiatin Mukharomah and Muhammad Rizky Firmansyah

Thermogravimetric Analysis and Determination of Kinetic Parameters for Pyrolysis of Lotus Seed Biomass

Optimal usage of omnipresent biowaste materials is vital for truly accomplishing global sustainable development goals. In this regard, naturally abundant, nutrient-rich lotus seeds (Nelumbo nucifera) biomass holds high potential as a suitable alternative source of energy. This research systematically investigates the high temperature thermochemical, morphological and spectral changes which occur in lotus seeds (LS) biomass. This study also successfully correlates the thermogravimetric changes in LS biomass with its compositional changes, highlighting the overall mechanism of this thermal process. Furthermore, a detailed theoretical analysis of the thermal data was also carried out using various models to obtain all of the involved kinetic parameters. Results showed that LS biomass thermal degradation followed a first-order reaction kinetics mechanism with significantly low activation energy requirements (~ 2-8 kJ.mol-1) for different reaction phases. These results provide critical information for optimizing the energy production on an industrial scale. High volatile content (~76%) and lower pyrolysis temperature requirement (< 400o C) for inducing significant structural changes in this biomass also enhances its potential as a bioenergy alternative. Ultimately, this research work underscores the potential of lotus seed biomass to contribute to sustainable energy solutions and mitigate environmental pollution, aligning with global efforts toward renewable energy practices.

Gurneet Kaur, Vivekanand and Jaibir Kherb

Environmental Policies in Mexico: A Critical Analysis of Their Implementation and Results

Mexico, as a megadiverse country, is particularly vulnerable to climate change. In response, it has implemented various environmental policies, including Payment for Water Environmental Services (PES), the ban on single-use plastics, and the carbon tax. The purpose of this article is to systematically analyze recent environmental policies, evaluating their impact and contribution to sustainable development. To this end, a methodology based on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), complemented by a bibliometric analysis, was employed. The information search was conducted using the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases, as well as institutional repositories, resulting in the selection of 134 qualified publications. The analysis of these documents enabled the identification and grouping of key findings in areas such as renewable energy, the circular economy, and environmental governance. Although the results demonstrate substantial progress in these fields, they also reveal critical shortcomings in waste management, reforestation efforts, and environmental monitoring. Additionally, the study identifies tensions between economic interests and sustainability goals, low levels of citizen participation in public policy implementation, and pronounced regional disparities in policy execution. The study concludes by emphasizing the urgent need to strengthen environmental governance through increased citizen engagement, professionalization of institutions, and the assurance of long-term policy continuity.

Rosa Llerena, Oscar Moncayo, Leandra Arboleda, Malena Zambrano and Evelyn Navia

Clay Brick Performance with Red Mud, Waste Foundry Sand, and Silica Fume: A Taguchi Approach

This study addresses the environmental concerns associated with the disposal of red mud (RM) and Waste Foundry Sand (WFS). It explores the use of these industrial by-products, along with silica fume, fly ash, and Desur clay, to produce geopolymer clay bricks as a sustainable alternative to traditional clay bricks. Initially, 5M geopolymeric clay bricks were produced by partially substituting natural clay with RM, fly ash, WFS, sodium silicate, and caustic. The highest compressive strength achieved was 3.27 N.mm- ² with a 5M caustic concentration. To further optimize the raw materials and enhance the strength, WFS was partially replaced with different percentages of silica fume. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) was used to identify the most effective mix, transforming multiple objectives into a single optimal solution. Nine mix designs were developed following the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. The optimum mix demonstrated a compressive strength of 5.02 N.mm- ², comprising 13.75% red mud, 10% silica fume, 12.85% WFS, 33.43?sur clay, and 30% fly ash. Water absorption remained within allowable limits across all samples. Variance analysis indicated that silica fume (47.45%) was the most influential factor, followed by red mud (30.36%), while WFS contributed the least (21.17%). Microstructural and mineralogical analyses using SEM, FTIR, and XRD confirmed the formation of geopolymeric gels and stable phases. Heavy metal assessments via ICP verified that the bricks are environmentally safe for utilization.

Smita S. Borchate, Praveen A. Ghorpade, Basavaraj G. Katageri and Nayana P. Hoolikantimath

Assessing Atmospheric Contamination Zones Through Lichen Bioindicators in a Northwestern Peruvian City

Lichens, which are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae, serve as bioindicators for assessing air quality via the Modified Index of Atmospheric Purity (IAPM). This research evaluated atmospheric conditions and mapped isocontamination zones in Chachapoyas, Peru. Lichen samples were collected from 36 locations across six urban sectors, while measurements of phorophyte bark pH, ambient temperature, and humidity were also taken. A total of 27 lichen species on 15 phorophyte species were identified. Statistical analysis found no significant correlation between IAPM scores and environmental factors such as bark pH, phorophyte species, temperature, or humidity. Using the IAPM data and Kriging interpolation in QGIS, an isocontamination map was created to display spatial air pollution patterns. The map indicated that the central sector of Chachapoyas had the lowest air quality, while peripheral areas showed decreasing pollution levels, illustrating a clear urban pollution gradient.

Jani E. Mendoza, Cristobal Torres-Guzman, Manuel Oliva, Ligia García and Jesús Rascón

Retrieval of Turbidity of the Upper Lake, a Ramsar Site, Bhopal, India, Using in situ Observations and Landsat-8 OLI Satellite Data

Turbidity, an optical measure of water clarity influenced by suspended sediments and organic matter, is a critical indicator of freshwater quality. Satellite remote sensing offers a practical means of monitoring turbidity over space and time by capturing water-leaving reflectance across spectral bands. This study explores the spatiotemporal retrieval of turbidity in the Upper Lake, Bhopal, an important urban freshwater body and Ramsar site in India, using Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) Surface Reflectance (SR) data from 2013 to 2022. Field-based in-situ turbidity data collected during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2022 were used to calibrate and validate several empirical models based on different band combinations. The best empirical models used the band ratio of the blue and red bands (Band-2 and Band-4), yielding a high agreement with field data (R² = 0.89) with a validation RMSE of 4.04 NTU. Temporal turbidity trends revealed a seasonal pattern, with higher turbidity observed in the post-monsoon season due to catchment runoff and anthropogenic activities. This study confirmed that Landsat-8 OLI SR, supported by field measurements, is a reliable tool for long-term turbidity monitoring in inland lakes.

Prasanta Ghadei and Sujit Kumar Jally

Phosphate Solubilization and Plant Growth-Promoting Potential of Penicillium oxalicum (Bt9) in Eppawala Rock Phosphate-Enriched Compost

The frequent application of chemical phosphate (P) fertilizers is costly and has emerged as a major concern in the agricultural sector of Sri Lanka. Therefore, the present study evaluated the impact of the fungal inoculum Penicillium oxalicum (Bt9) on the bio-solubilization of Eppawala Rock Phosphate (ERP)-enriched compost. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed, comprising four compost treatments, each replicated four times. Treatment 1 (T1) was amended with P. oxalicum (Bt9) and sugar; Treatment 2 (T2) was amended solely with P. oxalicum (Bt9); Treatment 3 (T3) was amended solely with sugar, and Treatment 4 (T4) served as the control, lacking both P. oxalicum (Bt9) and sugar. The released bioavailable phosphorus (P) content of each treatment was determined using the molybdenum blue method. A pot experiment was conducted using red cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), grown in a 1:1 mixture of phospho-compost and soil, to evaluate the effect of ERP bio-solubilization by P. oxalicum (Bt9) on plant growth. The results showed significantly higher (p ? 0.05) values for plant growth parameters, including shoot length, root length, and total plant length, in Treatments 1 and 2 compared with Treatments 3 and 4. The highest shoot length, root length, and total plant length were recorded in Treatment 1, with values of 26.58 ± 2.44 cm, 11.36 ± 1.48 cm, and 54.24 ± 2.64 cm, respectively. The study concluded that P. oxalicum (Bt9) significantly enhanced phosphate solubilization and promoted the growth of red cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Therefore, ERP-enriched compost inoculated with P. oxalicum (Bt9) may be considered a sustainable alternative to imported chemical phosphate fertilizers.

W. M. B. B. Sathsarini, T. G. I. Sandamali, M. M. Pathmalal and F. S. Idroos

Central Composite Design-Based Optimization of Heterogeneous Fenton-Like Catalytic Oxidation of Real Pharmaceutical Wastewater Using Cu-Fe/SiO?

This research explores heterogeneous Fenton-like catalytic oxidation for the treatment of actual pharmaceutical wastewater with Cu–Fe supported on SiO? as an active catalyst. Catalyst preparation and characterization via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and BET analysis for porosity, crystallinity, and active site distribution were completed. To optimize treatment parameters, response surface methodology using central composite design (CCD) investigated catalyst dosage, H?O? concentration, initial pH, and reaction time for the maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The CCD determinant generated a quadratic model (R² = 0.9881) to predict experimental results, which, when confirmed via successful achievement of proposed conditions, resulted in 76.07% COD removal. This work indicates the efficiency, reproducibility and feasibility of scaling the Cu–Fe/SiO? catalyst for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment and is a step toward sustainability.

Neha Kulshreshtha, Vishal Kumar Sandhwar, Alok Tiwari and Shivendu Saxena

Moringa oleifera as a Natural Coagulant-Flocculant for the Removal of Turbidity and Heavy Metals from the Caplina Channel

Driven by the high costs, residuals, and potential health impacts associated with chemical coagulants, this study evaluated a more environmentally and socially compatible bioprocess: the use of saline-activated (1 M NaCl) Moringa oleifera seed powder as a coagulant– flocculant to clarify surface waters from the Caplina Channel (Tacna, Peru). Raw water was collected, and jar tests were conducted at 125, 250, 500, and 750 mg.L?¹ (n = 3 per dose), measuring turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), color, and dissolved metals (As, Cu, and Fe), in addition to a proximate analysis of the seeds. The optimal dose achieved 99.7% turbidity removal (from 3350 to 9.045 NTU) and reduced metals to As 0.005 mg.L?¹ (95%), Fe < 0.3 mg.L?¹ (94%), and Cu 0.045 mg.L?¹ (78%), with a pH 5.5, EC 936 µS.cm?¹, DO 7.24 mg.L?¹, TDS 762 mg.L?¹, and color < 5 Pt/ Co, meeting Peru’s ECA-Agua Category 1–A2 criteria for waters treatable by conventional processes. Although the EC increased with the dose, it remained below 1600 µS.cm-1 at the optimal value. We highlight saline pretreatment and the activation of M. oleifera seed powder with 1 M NaCl as a high-efficiency clarification strategy. This strategy activates cationic proteins and increases the charge density of biopolymers, promoting particulate charge neutralization and metal-ion complexation/adsorption. This mechanism enables the simultaneous and high-efficiency removal of turbidity and metals using an accessible and sustainable biocoagulant suitable for settings with limited treatment infrastructure.

Dariella Sharyley Quintana-Calizaya, Efren Eugenio Chaparro-Montoya, Javier Lozano-Marreros, Yessenia Danidtza Gomez-Aguilar, Keila Abigail Muñante-Carrillo and Diana Galeska Farfan-Pajuelo

Amelioration of Cadmium-Induced Stress in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Using Gasotransmitters: A Combined Approach to Enhancing Antioxidant Defense and Growth Resilience

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity is a major environmental stressor that adversely affects plant growth, photosynthesis, and metabolism, causing oxidative damage and yield loss. This study investigates the role of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H?S) in mitigating Cd-induced stress in Solanum lycopersicum by analyzing growth parameters, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activity, and physiological responses. Tomato seedlings exposed to Cd (20 µM CdCl?) exhibited severe growth inhibition, leaf chlorosis, chlorophyll degradation, and increased oxidative stress. Exogenous application of NO (sodium nitroprusside) and H?S (sodium hydrosulfide), individually and in combination, significantly alleviated Cd toxicity. The combined NO + H?S treatment showed the highest increase in shoot and root length (~60% over Cd-stressed plants), improved chlorophyll and carotenoid content (87% restoration to control levels), and reduced oxidative damage, indicated by lower malondialdehyde (MDA) (40%) and H?O? (55%) accumulation. Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, APX, POD) were significantly upregulated, enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. Additionally, proline accumulation (~4-fold increase) and protein content (~30% restoration) were improved, suggesting better osmotic balance and metabolic stability. NO and H?S mitigate Cd stress by reducing oxidative damage, boosting antioxidant defenses, and enhancing resilience. Their combined action highlights gasotransmitter-based strategies for developing Cd-tolerant crops and promoting sustainable agriculture in metal-contaminated soils.

Smita Raut, Pragnya Paramita Sahoo, Prabhat Kumar Srivastava and Sangeeta Raut

Evaluation of the Adsorption Performance of Geological Materials Based on Limestone and Green Shale from the Taza Region, Morocco: Application for Leachate Treatment

The present study aims, on the one hand, to examine and evaluate the potential of natural geological adsorbents elaborated from limestone and green shale for leachate treatment. In contrast, it highlights an innovative approach based on the separate evaluation of these two natural materials, which has not yet been explored in depth in the literature, with a view to offering a sustainable and economically accessible alternative to commercial adsorbents. To this end, the studied materials were prepared from rocks collected around the city of Taza, Morocco. The absorbent properties of the produced materials were evaluated for different types of pollutants contained in the leachate studied through structural analyses carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) before and after the adsorption process. In addition, kinetic and isotherm models were analyzed to evaluate the adsorption efficiency. Characterization before the adsorption process revealed that the prepared materials had a partially homogeneous surface with particles of irregular sizes and varied atomic compositions. The material prepared from limestone showed the highest performance, with reduction rates of 39%, 43%, and over 80% for COD, BOD, and heavy metals (Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn), respectively. The results of the kinetic and isothermal models showed that the removal efficiency of COD was significantly related to the initial concentration and time of contact, with reduction rates of 40 % and 32 % for the materials prepared from limestone and green schist, respectively. Furthermore, the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models well adjusted the kinetic and isothermal models. These results confirm the potential of these low-cost adsorbents for sustainable environmental applications, with limestone exhibiting superior performance.

Imane El Machrafi, Abdennasser Baali, Ibrahim Touzani, Jamal Naoura, Mohamed Ben Abbou and Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim

ANN-Driven Optimization of VOC Adsorption on Activated Carbon with Thermal Breakthrough Forecasting and IoT-Based Real-Time Monitoring

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) have become one of the drivers of environmental deterioration and occupational hazards, and the issue requires competent and clever adsorption methods for their elimination. This study proposes a comprehensive experimental, computational, and IoT-based system that maximizes VOCs adsorption by activated carbon. A packed bed adsorption column was constructed and equipped with two MQ-138 and DHT22 sensors, which could be directly tracked in real time using a NodeMCU-ThingSpeak dashboard. During the experiments, the efficiency of VOC removal was lower at higher inlet concentrations (92.3% to 76.1% at 100 ppm to 300 ppm, respectively) and higher at the optimized flow rate (74.5% - 89.8% at 3.0 to 1.5 L.min-1, respectively). The efficiency was lower at high relative humidity because of competitive adsorption, and higher bed temperatures (up to 45°C) slightly prolonged the breakthrough time. The model used was a 4-8-1 ANN (Artificial Neural Network) whose training was carried out using the LevenbergMarquardt algorithm, which had a high predictive accuracy (R2 =0.987, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) =1.82), and the experimental value was close to the computed values across a range of inputs. The 3D surface mapping of the ANN model exhibited an ideal area of interaction between the VOC concentration and flow rate. In addition, all IoT delays were less than 1.5 s, and the sensor offset was less than ±5 ppm and ±0.5°C, thus confirming the readiness of the system deployment. These outcomes confirm that it is possible to implement intelligent, responsive VOC mitigation tools that are informed by machine learning and integrated with IoT to manage air quality in the industry.

Subramanian Kavitha, Subramani Umamaheswari, Venkatesh Babu Samikannu and Surendran Ganesan

Characterization and Optimization of Tamarindus indica Copper Nanoparticles (TA-CuNPs) for the Adsorptive Removal of Malachite Green

Copper nanoparticles doped with Tamarindus indica seed extract (TA-CuNPs) were greensynthesized to combine sustainability with an enhanced adsorption potential for wastewater treatment. Comprehensive characterization (SEM, FTIR, XRD, and BET) confirmed the porous structure and active surface functionalities of the materials. Batch adsorption studies of Malachite Green (MG) demonstrated a strong dependence on solution pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, contact time, and temperature, with optimal performance at pH 6 and 0.5 g.L-1. The Langmuir isotherm provided the best equilibrium fit (R² = 0.999), yielding a monolayer capacity of 243.90 mg.g-1. Kinetic evaluation confirmed pseudo-second-order dominance (R² = 0.999), indicating chemisorption, while thermodynamic analysis revealed spontaneous and endothermic uptake (?G° < 0> 0). RSM-CCD optimization identified the ideal operational conditions: 19.85 mg.L-1 MG, 0.498 g.L-1 adsorbent, pH 6.18, and 318 K, achieving maximum removal efficiency with excellent model accuracy (R² > 0.98, low error statistics). These results collectively establish TA-CuNPs as a high-capacity, greensynthesized, and scalable adsorbent suitable for practical wastewater treatment.

Pampana Anil Kumar, Alpitha Suhasini J., Sarva Rao B., Pulipati King, D. Appala Naidu and Meena Vangalapati

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Rainwater Harvesting in Reducing Flooding: Case Study in the Governor’s Housing Complex, Makassar

Flooding in residential areas remains a recurring problem in Makassar City, particularly in the Governor’s Housing Complex, Kassi-Kassi Subdistrict. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in reducing flood risks. The methodology includes hydrological and hydraulic analysis, as well as catchment area mapping. The RWH system design is based on estimating the potential rainwater volume from annual rainfall intensity and rooftop catchment areas. The results show that the average flood volume in the study area is 61.66 m³. The effectiveness of the rainwater harvesting system varies with storage capacity and roof area. In the first scenario (8 m³), flood volume is reduced by 4.61- 60.06%; in the second scenario (10 m³), it achieves a 5.77-75.08% reduction; and in the third scenario (15.6 m³), it results in a 9.01-80.12?crease. Differences in rooftop size influence the variation in percentage reduction, which affects the volume of harvested rainwater. The third scenario demonstrates the highest effectiveness, indicating that rainwater harvesting is a feasible and efficient strategy for urban rainwater management and flood mitigation. The study concludes that integrating rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems is a practical and sustainable solution for urban flood mitigation, especially in flood-prone areas such as KassiKassi, Makassar.

Hasnawiah, Rita Tahir Lopa and Roslinda Ibrahim

Deep Learning for AQI Prediction Using Multiple Feature Vectors: A Case Study of Colaba and Deonar Stations

Air quality monitoring and prediction are important for effective public health strategies, as air pollution is a major contributor to mortality. The goal is to design and evaluate different deep learning models: Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM), and a hybrid Conv1D-LSTM on different input sets of features. The dataset consists of pollutant and meteorological parameters from 2019 to 2024 with hourly frequency for two monitoring stations: Colaba and Deonar. The models were trained on three sets of features: pollutant-only, meteorological-only, and combined features. Model accuracy was determined using the root mean square error, coefficient of determination, mean absolute percentage error, and explained variance score. The results indicate that the combined attributes significantly enhanced the prediction quality, with the hybrid CNNLSTM performing best at Colaba and the LSTM on meteorological attributes performing best at Deonar. The Bi-LSTM exhibited consistent performance on the feature sets. These results underscore the importance of using both pollutants and meteorological information and illustrate the efficiency of sophisticated deep learning structures for location-based air quality prediction.

Darakhshan Khan, Archana B. Patankar, Himani Deshpande and Juhi Janjua

Determinants of Environmental Quality in Indonesia: The Role of Democracy, Socio-Economics, and Financial Development

Sustainable development requires a good quality of life for all. Therefore, we investigated the short- and long-term dynamics of the Environmental Quality Index (EQI) across 34 provinces in Indonesia from 2015 to 2023 using a Panel Error Correction Model. The explanatory variables included the democracy index, population density, education level, wages, poverty, foreign investment, domestic investment, and Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). In the short term, GRDP reduced the EQI by 0.32 units, while the others did not show a significant impact. In the long term, democracy increased the EQI by 0.13 units, education level by 12.29 units, and poverty by 0.01 units, while GRDP and population density reduced it by 0.09 units and 0.16 units, respectively. Further analysis revealed that GRDP derived from the mining sector reduced the EQI, whereas service sectors such as education and health contributed to its improvement. Based on these findings, local governments should integrate environmental protection directly into their development agendas by implementing rigorous environmental impact assessments, expanding green infrastructure, and providing targeted incentives for the development of low-carbon industries.

Fitri Susilowati, Suryanto and Muhammad Rizal Anggit Putra

Integrated Proximate and Contamination Analysis of Tofu Wastewater: A Case Study in Telaga Subdistrict, Gorontalo, Indonesia

Tofu wastewater is a major contributor to organic pollution in many Asian rivers; however, household-scale tofu production in eastern Indonesia remains poorly documented. This study provides an integrated characterization of tofu and its wastewater in the Telaga Subdistrict, Gorontalo, as baseline information for local water management. The proximate composition of tofu and wastewater was determined following standard AOAC methods, and river water was sampled at three points: upstream (A), downstream (B), and the wastewater channel (C). Contamination parameters (COD, BOD, TSS, ammonia, and pH) were assessed and compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s test. Tofu retained high moisture and moderate protein levels, confirming its role as an affordable protein source, while the wastewater still contained soluble proteins and carbohydrates. At Point C, COD (7499 mg.L-1), BOD (864 mg.L-1), and TSS (147 mg.L-1) substantially exceeded national and international thresholds, whereas ammonia (0.01–0.10 mg.L-1) and pH (7.2–7.3) remained within regulatory limits and were lower than those commonly reported for tofu effluents elsewhere. Although wastewater flow was not measured, the very high organic concentrations indicate that even household-scale tofu industries can exert considerable local organic pollution pressure and should be included in water quality monitoring and lowcost treatment programs. At the same time, the presence of residual nutrients suggests potential for valorization pathways such as biogas generation or microbial biomass production, which should be explored in future studies to support context-appropriate circular economy initiatives in Gorontalo.

Muhammad Taupik, Ariani H. Hutuba, Nurain Thomas, Andi Makkulawu and Windiyani N. Suharmin

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Long-Term Homogeneity, Meteorological Trend, and Drought Variability over the Semi-Arid Climatic Region of Bihar, India

Assessing the spatiotemporal variability of meteorological parameters provides critical insights into identifying emerging environmental risks posed by climate change. Such an evaluation can help obtain strong evidence to explain the effects of climate change on crop yields and water resource management. Recent rainfall–drought studies in Bihar have advanced our understanding of seasonal variability; however, several clear research gaps remain. Most analyses still rely heavily on the Standardized Precipitation Index, overlooking complementary water balance, soil moisture, and vegetation indicators needed to capture agricultural and hydrological droughts. Therefore, this study examined rainfall and drought characteristics in the semi-arid climatic region of Bihar. The dataset was acquired from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) for the period between 1970 and 2020 at a spatial scale of 0.25° × 0.25°. Based on the change point tests, the time series was divided into two periods: 1970–1990 and 1991–2020, with 1990 as the change point year. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope were used to identify trends and estimate their magnitude at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the northwestern, southwestern, and central districts of Bihar exhibited negative trends, particularly in June, August, and September. The magnitude of the decline ranged from -1 to -2 mm.y-1. The analysis showed an increasing trend in the total annual rainfall observed between 1970 and 2020. This pattern suggests that the methodological framework employed in this study can be effectively applied across different spatial scales and diverse geographic settings. This study provides a foundation for improved water resource management, climate adaptation planning, and strategies aimed at mitigating the potential impacts of extreme hydrological events.

Shashi Shekhar Pathak, Ravi Galkate, V.K. Chandola, Atar Singh, Bhupendra Joshi, Utkarsh Kumar, Rustem R. Zairov and Ramesh Kumar

Community Roles Model in the Buffer Zone of the Proboscis Monkey Habitat for Wetland Environmental Conservation

This study investigates community role models in the buffer zone of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) habitat to improve wetland conservation using a mixed-methods exploratory sequential design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with local communities and the Sahabat Bekantan Indonesia Foundation, non-participatory observation, and a survey of 322 respondents in the buffer zone of the proboscis monkey habitat in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results reveal that community involvement is structured around three primary constructs: (1) Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) through co-management surveillance systems and mangrove restoration, (2) Indigenous Knowledge (IK), expressed through emerging ecological awareness and locally adapted interactions with wildlife, and (3) Sustainable Livelihood Approaches (SL) that support economic resilience via ecotourism and sustainable resource use. The structural model demonstrated that these constructs significantly influenced wetland environmental conservation (R² = 0.758), with CBNRM having the strongest effect (? = 0.433), followed by SL (? = 0.262) and IK (? = 0.225). These findings emphasize that conservation success depends on empowering local governance, aligning ecological goals with livelihood security, and strengthening situational ecological knowledge. The resulting model offers practical guidance for policy formulation and adaptive management in tropical wetland buffer zones facing socioecological vulnerability.

M. Ridha Ilhami, Ersis Warmansyah Abbas , Bambang Subiyakto and Mutiani

Exploration of Microbial Diversity of Anoxic Soil Under Submerged Low-Land Paddy Cultivation by Culture-Independent Methods for Its Consequent Ramifications on Environment, Soil Health, and Sustainability

Soil microbes, the primary components of soil biodiversity, provide crucial ecosystem services. Anthropogenic activities, such as agriculture, bring about innumerable biotic and abiotic changes in the soil ecosystem that can have short and long-term impacts on the environment and soil sustainability. Lowland paddy cultivation is a typical example of anthropogenic disturbance to soil, where the paddy field fluctuates between waterlogged conditions and extreme dry spells, which have some immediate effects, such as greenhouse gas emissions, and a probable long-term impact on soil, altering soil oxidoreduction states and influencing microbe-driven nutrient and carbon cycling. Although rice is a dominant crop in Northeast India, microbial responses to paddy cultivation remain poorly documented. In this study, we compared the soil microbiomes of paddy fields and adjacent non-paddy land in the Bhagawatipara region of Kamrup district of Assam, India, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Paddy soils exhibited clear shifts in microbial abundance, with an increased representation of methanogens, nitrogen-transforming archaea, diazotrophs, and phosphatesolubilizing bacteria. Distinct changes in alpha and beta diversity further indicated strong hydrological and cultivation-driven impacts on microbial community dynamics. This study provides the first comprehensive microbial dataset for paddy soils in the Kamrup district (Assam) and highlights key microbial signatures associated with methane cycling and soil nutrient processes.

M. B. Chakraborty and S. R. Patgiri

Tidal-Diurnal Interactions and Nitrogen Dynamics: Integrating Variability into Sustainable Brackish Water Pond Management

Water quality is a fundamental determinant of aquaculture success, shaping the growth, health, and survival of the cultured species. In traditional pond irrigation systems, tidally driven variability alters the physicochemical conditions, creating risks of stress, reduced productivity, and mortality. This study quantified the tidal–diurnal controls on water quality dynamics in Sawohan Village, Sidoarjo, Indonesia, across a freshwater–brackish– saline gradient. Water quality was monitored at three ponds during spring and neap tides, both during the day and night, yielding 48 sampling events. The measured parameters included pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), alkalinity, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and two-way ANOVA. The tidal phase and sampling time significantly affected several parameters (p < 0.05). The pH showed the lowest value of 7.47 in brackish ponds during nighttime spring tides, while salinity ranged from <0.5 ppt during neap tides to 19.0 ppt in the saline pond during daytime spring tides. DO was consistently lower at night than during the day and occasionally fell below the 5 mg.L-1 aquaculture threshold during nighttime neap tides. Alkalinity remained within 116.88–150.33 mg.L-1, with higher values at night, particularly during the spring tides. Nitrate concentrations frequently exceeded national and aquaculture guideline values, whereas nitrite and ammonia approached or exceeded their respective thresholds in brackish and saline ponds, especially during nighttime neap tides. Overall, these results demonstrate that tidal–diurnal interactions strongly influence nitrogen dynamics and water quality stability in traditional pond irrigation systems and should be explicitly considered in aquaculture water quality assessment and monitoring.

Dian Noorvy Khaerudin, Sri Wahyuni, Saptarini Saptarini, Sri Handayani and Diana Ningrum

Exploring the Role of Rice Straw Biochar in Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Health

Burning rice straw in open fields has led to a plethora of concerns, ranging from air pollution to soil carbon losses, posing a risk to human health and disturbing the soil ecosystem. The problem of rice stubble burning has been addressed by adopting different in-situ and ex-situ conservation technologies supported by the government and private companies. Biochar production from rice straw is one such method. Biochar is a carbon-rich porous material produced by the thermochemical conversion of various biomass feedstocks and is used globally to improve soil properties. It plays a crucial role in sustainable agriculture and in environmental health. It has the potential to enhance soil fertility, water retention, and nutrient cycling, while also offering carbon sequestration benefits. However, the adoption of biochar as a soil amendment practice is still challenging owing to the limited understanding of the long-term effects on soil health, the establishment of onsite production facilities, high energy consumption in the production process, and inconsistent results depending on the variable soil types. For biochar to be applied practically for soil improvement in different climatic regions and crop production, it is important to understand the potential effects of biochar on soil properties, the factors that cause soil to change when biochar is added, and the mechanisms of biochar–soil interaction. This review provides an overview of the current research on rice straw biochar and identifies key limitations that will direct future research and policy decisions for its integration into sustainable farming practices. It underscores the potential of biochar to combat global warming, mitigate environmental damage, and its role in reversing the impacts of climate change in line with sustainable development goals.

Himanshi Upadhayay, Sneha Gupta, Srishti Jain and Manu Solanki

Comparative Assessment of Alternative Fine Aggregates for Sustainable Concrete: Physical, Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of Sri Lankan Sands

The over-extraction of river sand in Sri Lanka has reduced alluvial reserves in major basins by over 40?tween 2010 and 2023, highlighting an urgent need for sustainable alternatives. This study presents the first comprehensive comparative analysis of four distinct sand typesriver (Polonnaruwa), sea (Muthurajawela), dune (Kandakuliya), and estuary (Kalutara)-using integrated physical, chemical, and mechanical evaluation. Tests included sieve analysis, chloride content measurement via Volhard’s method, and strength assessments at 7 and 28 days. Results showed that river and dune sands achieved compressive strengths exceeding 30 MPa and contained low chloride levels (<500 mg.kg-1), aligning with international standards for structural concrete. Although sea sand’s chloride content was high (1,796 mg.kg-1, 259?ove limit), it could be viable if properly treated. Estuary sand reached 29.3 MPa strength but had borderline chloride levels, restricting its application. Failure mode analysis indicated strong structural performance for river and dune sands, whereas sea and estuary sands exhibited brittle failure patterns. Overall, processed dune sand and treated sea sand are promising substitutes for river sand, promoting sustainability. Ensuring chloride regulation and advancing treatment technologies are essential for successful adoption.

Udara S.P.R. Arachchige, H.D.R.T. Gunasekara, R.A.K.M. Rajapaksha and M.D.K.C. Jayathilaka

Managing Legacy Pollution: A Legal and Policy Analysis of the Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025

Contamination of soil and water sources from hazardous industrial activities remains a persistent and serious environmental and public health challenge in India. Judicial doctrines such as the polluter-pays principle, the precautionary principle, and the concept of the public trust, along with a patchwork of statutes, have provided tools for pollution control but lacked a statutory, site-specific remediation pathway for legacy contaminated land. The Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025, is the first dedicated legal framework for the identification, verification, declaration, and remediation of contaminated sites. This article critically examines the 2025 Rules through legal, doctrinal, and policy perspectives, situates them within the constitutional and statutory framework, and evaluates their provisions against institutional realities and international best practices, such as the US CERCLA/Superfund, EU liability frameworks, and China’s soil law. It draws on official disclosure reports from the Central Pollution Control Board and the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC 2025), as well as a case study of the Bandhwari landfill in Gurugram. The paper argues that while the 2025 Rules mark a progressive step, they will only lead to transformative outcomes if complemented by a stable national remediation finance mechanism, enhanced technical and institutional capacity, and detailed liability regulations. Recommendations include legal refinements and governance reforms necessary to operationalize the Rules in a manner consistent with India’s constitutional environmental commitments.

Gurudutt and Pooja Singh

Influence of Agricultural Waste as a Partial Substitute for Cement in Flowing Concrete for a Sustainable Environment

Large quantities of corn cobs, rice husks, and sugarcane bagasse are often burned or left to decay, contributing to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in many rural areas of Indonesia. However, earlier studies indicated that the ashes from these agricultural wastes have the potential to serve as partial substitutes for cement in concrete production, reducing environmental pollution. Because of their rich silica composition, the pozzolanic properties of corn cob ash (CCA), rice husk ash (RHA), and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) can improve the long-term performance of concrete. This research investigated the use of rice husk ash, sugarcane bagasse ash, and corn cob ash as alternative materials for partially replacing cement, focusing on their effects on the flowing concrete with the addition of Sika-Viscocrete as a superplasticizer. This study examined the properties of flowing concrete, including unit weight, compressive strength, and the efficiency of cement utilization. The unit weight of concrete was tested following SNI 1973:2008, while its compressive strength was evaluated in accordance with SNI 1974:2011. This study applied statistical analysis and linear regression. Experimental findings showed that the measured unit weight values were consistently within the interval of 2300-2500 kg.m- ³ and, according to the measured unit weight, the concrete was considered normal-weight concrete. The highest compressive strength obtained was 35.22 MPa at 7% variation of corn cob ash, and the highest efficiency in cement utilization was observed in flowing concrete with corn cob ash substitution. This is because among the alternatives, corn cob ash achieved the greatest strength improvement per unit of cement at 1.13 MPa per kg.m- ³. Statistical analysis revealed the effect of substitution levels, and the regression analysis yielded several data-based equations. Employing agricultural waste ash as a partial cement substitute provides a sustainable pathway toward reducing overall cement consumption.

Nurul Rochmah, Antariksa, Wisnumurti and Bambang Semedi

Pullulan From Agricultural Waste Using Aureobasidium pullulans and Its Applications: A Review

Pullulan is an extracellular homopolysaccharide produced commercially by the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans. Owing to its unique physicochemical properties, such as film-forming ability, biodegradability, and non-toxic nature, pullulan has attracted significant interest for applications across diverse industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food packaging, and agriculture. In recent years, the demand for sustainably derived biopolymers has intensified, prompting exploration of industrial waste and renewable substrates as cost-effective feedstocks for pullulan production. Despite its promising versatility, largescale commercialization remains constrained by high production costs, low yield, and limited substrate flexibility. This review critically examines the potential of microbial-based pullulan production, highlighting both technological opportunities and persistent challenges. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of alternative substrates, strain improvement strategies, and bioprocess optimization to enhance yield and reduce costs. Advances in metabolic engineering, fermentation technology, and integrated biorefinery approaches are discussed as pathways to overcome current limitations. By synthesizing recent progress and identifying research gaps, this study aims to support future innovation in sustainable pullulan production and broaden its industrial applicability. Ultimately, optimizing production parameters and diversifying microbial systems may provide a viable solution to transform pullulan into a widely accessible biopolymer for global markets.

Gunjan Jadhav, Snehal Masurkar and Girish Pathade

Effect of Sustainable Groundwater Resource Management on Groundwater Sustainability Performance: A PLS-SEM Study in Probolinggo Regency

Groundwater, as a vital resource, is facing a crisis in Probolinggo Regency due to rapid industrialization and land conversion, both of which threaten groundwater sustainability performance. This study aims to quantitatively identify the dominant factors among six aspects of sustainable groundwater resource management and to quantify their causal influence, both positive and negative, on the groundwater sustainability performance. A quantitative approach with an explanatory survey design was used, and analysis was conducted through Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) involving data from key stakeholders. The results show that the model possesses very high predictive power (R² = 0.925), revealing two contrasting dominant factors. Utilization (X6) has the strongest and statistically significant positive effect (? = 0.57; p = 0.004), driven by technological innovation, while Implementation (X2) exhibits a significant negative effect (? = ?0.54; p = 0.049). This negative coefficient provides empirical confirmation of a critical “policy-practice gap,” suggesting that weaknesses in human resource capacity and inconsistent budgetary support during the execution phase significantly hinder overall sustainability performance. Consequently, this study concludes that the greatest challenge to achieving sustainable groundwater management lies in policy execution failure rather than in the planning stages. The policy implications call upon the local government to prioritize investment in technological innovation for utilization (X6) and to immediately undertake structural reforms and budget auditing within the implementation phase (X2) to bridge the gap between policy intent and actual sustainability outcomes.

Faradlillah Saves, Mohammad Bisri, Hari Siswoyo and Muhammad Sasmito Djati

Biopriming Using Rhizospheric Actinobacteria: A Promising Tool in Paddy (Oryza sativa) Farming

The germination of paddy seeds is vital for seedling establishment and subsequent development. Impaired rice seed germination often results from reduced levels of bioactive gibberellins (GAs) caused by environmental stress. This inhibition can be alleviated through methods such as hormone priming, nutrient priming, and osmopriming, which stimulate ?-amylase activity and trigger other developmental processes. Recently, novel biopriming approaches have emerged, involving seed treatment with diverse plant growth-promoting rhizospheric microbes. Reports indicate that actinobacteria are among the least studied biopriming agents. In this study, approximately 43 actinomycete isolates were obtained from rhizospheric soils associated with the rice variety Indrayani. Data showed significant improvements in germination following seed biopriming with four multifunctional isolates, with Streptomyces ardesiacus strain I7 achieving the highest vigor index. Streptomyces antibioticus strain I4 demonstrated notable antimicrobial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Colonization of actinomycetes on rice roots was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. These isolates hold potential for development into a commercial microbial consortium.

Richa Raut, Pragati Abhyankar and Sneha Babel

An Econometric Assessment of Growth-Pollution Interactions in Vietnam within the Environmental Kuznets Framework

Vietnam considers achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 a strategic goal, requiring a thorough understanding of the macroeconomic factors influencing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This research examines the relationship between economic growth and pollution within the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework, with a unique emphasis on the impact of real effective exchange rate (REER) volatility. Utilizing annual data from the World Bank spanning 1990 to 2024, the study employs a robust multi-step econometric methodology, primarily the ARDL bounds testing approach complemented by Granger causality analysis, to address small sample constraints and capture dynamic interactions. Additionally, a comparative Threshold Autoregression (TAR) analysis is conducted using industrialized Asian economies as benchmarks to identify Vietnam’s specific EKC turning point. The findings reveal a bidirectional causal link between REER and carbon emissions, suggesting currency valuation directly affects environmental quality through trade pathways. Contrary to the classic inverted U-shaped EKC, local data show industrial growth has a linear positive effect on emissions. By referencing development benchmarks from Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, projections indicate Vietnam’s EKC turning point could occur between 2044 and 2063, depending on annual growth rates of 5.8% to 3%. Based on these insights, it is recommended that Vietnam accelerate green technology adoption by offering tax incentives, streamlining administrative processes, and setting domestic standards aligned with international benchmarks to expedite progress toward its Net Zero goal by 2050.

Thi Thu Trang Phung, Thi Thanh Huong Chu, Thi Thu Huong Tran and Thi Phuong Chi Nguyen

Spatial Analysis of Environmental Vulnerability Among Tribal Households in Garbada Taluka, Dahod District, Gujarat, India

Tribal households in western India are highly exposed to environmental and infrastructural challenges that influence their livelihood and food security. Assessing vulnerability at multiple scales is essential for targeted adaptation planning. This study aimed to develop a composite Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) for tribal households in Garbada Taluka, Dahod District, Gujarat, and examine spatial disparities at both the village and household levels. Primary data from 645 households were analyzed. Crop diversity was calculated using the Shannon Index, and a composite EVI was constructed from four indicators: landholding size, crop diversity, water sufficiency, and sanitation access. Households were classified into low-, medium-, and high-vulnerability categories. Statistical analyses (descriptive statistics, correlations, and regression) were combined with GIS-based spatial mapping to examine patterns across villages and within communities. The descriptive results showed that two-thirds of the households fell into the medium vulnerability category, with smaller proportions classified as low or high. Regression analysis confirmed that landholding size is a significant predictor of household income. Spatial mapping identified Matwa, Zari Bujarg, and Garbada as high-vulnerability clusters, whereas villages such as Jesawada, Ambli, and Devda demonstrated relatively lower vulnerability. Household-level mapping revealed intra-village disparities, with highly vulnerable households present in resilient villages. The dual-scale EVI analysis highlights village-level hotspots and household-level variations in vulnerability. These findings are relevant for climate adaptation, agricultural diversification, and WASH interventions in tribal development schemes. Future research should integrate direct nutrition indicators with environmental vulnerability frameworks to strengthen the linkages with food and nutrition security.

Surabhi Pareek and Suneeta Chandorkar

Application of the SWAT Model to the Hydrological Modeling of the Nfifikh Watershed (Morocco): Study of the Dynamics of Surface and Groundwater and their Relationship with Soil Properties

Water resources in semi-arid regions are increasingly affected by climate variability, making hydrological modeling essential for assessing water availability and supporting watershed management. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to simulate the hydrological behavior of the Nfifikh watershed in Morocco using climate data from local meteorological stations complemented with gridded datasets, a 30 m digital elevation model, soil maps, and land-use data derived from satellite imagery. Observed streamflow at the watershed outlet was used for model calibration and validation following standard SWAT procedures. Model performance was evaluated using the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), coefficient of determination (R²), percent bias (PBIAS), and the RMSE– standard deviation ratio (RSR), showing very good agreement between simulated and observed daily flows. Results indicate that about two-thirds of annual precipitation is lost through evapotranspiration, while streamflow is generated through surface runoff, lateral flow, and shallow subsurface contributions. Spatial patterns highlight higher runoff and sediment production in steep upland areas and greater flow regulation downstream. The study provides useful insights for water resource management in semi-arid watersheds.

Zahli Saleh Eddine

Data-Driven Machine Learning Models for Predicting Monthly Rainfall Using Lagged Climate Indices

Rainfall prediction is vital for several economic activities, including agriculture. The present study is focused on developing machine learning models to predict rainfall using different climate indices. Four machine learning techniques - RF, M5P tree, REP Tree algorithm, and ANN were used for predicting rainfall from climate indices. The practicality of the approach presented herein was demonstrated through application to rainfall data at the Safdarjung meteorological station in New Delhi, India. The machine learning models use climate indicesIndian Ocean Dipole, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation as feature variables and rainfall as the target variable. The dataset was divided into a training set and a testing set. The ratio of the split was eighty to twenty. Among the four machine learning models evaluated, the random forest model demonstrates the best performance, with coefficients of correlation of 0.9853 and 0.6674, mean absolute errors of 15.1624 and 33.7026, and root mean square errors of 25.1173 and 44.0744 for training and testing phases, respectively. The Taylor diagram also showed that the RF-based model performed better at predicting rainfall.

Ayush Vashisth, Mohammed Sharif and Mohammed Shakeel

Nanotechnology in Automotive Wastewater Remediation: Functional Roles, Drawbacks, and Future Prospects

An estimated 2.73×1012 gallons of water are generated annually in the automotive sector, resulting in complex wastewater streams. Pollutant-free water from this sector is essential for a safe environmental footprint for various applications, as wastewater causes corrosion, equipment blockages, and increased chemical costs via vehicle wash bays, paint/coating shops, plating lines, and coolant handling, mapping nanomaterial functions to automotivetypical contaminants (oils/greases, surfactants, dyes, heavy metals: Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cr). Average water-contaminant loads, including grease and oil (1100 mg.L-1), COD (4500 mg.L-1), and overall suspended solids (3500 mg.L-1), create some level of health risk, and treatment methods have shifted from the physical techniques of gravity separation, dissolved air flotation, and demulsification, which involve nanotechnology, to hybridization. With a perwash prediction of globally used vehicles in 2015, 218 billion liters of wastewater run off to potential water streams, initiating water-nanoparticle mobility before it can be treated for re-use. Based on their high surface-to-volume ratio, nanoscale size, ordered structure, and filtration competence resulting from their inherent mechanical, thermal, antifouling, and antibacterial properties, nano-engineered materials, including nano-adsorbents, nanomembranes, and nano-catalysts, are specifically used to overcome the limitations of conventional wastewater treatment methods. Oil-based wastewater treated with magnetic sorbent nanoparticles acts as an emulsifier, thereby containing microbes and causing microorganism-infested wastewater. Therefore, an effective means of treating wastewater with a variety of compositions is nanoenhanced bioremediation. Hence, a nanotechnology technique that fuses bioremediation and nano-remediation to achieve nano-enhanced bioremediation for completely enhanced wastewater remediation is proposed to abate environmental pollution. However, long-term risks and lifecycle assessments of nanomaterial deployment in wastewater treatment will further validate the degree of trade-off between its specific automotive service applications and safety, with regulatory frameworks to meet longterm sustainability goals.

Luke O. Ajuka, Moses O. Petinrin, Nosa Idusuyi, Kunle M. Oluwasegun and O.S. Fayomi

Microplastic Pollution in Shoreline Sediments of Selected Rivers of Mizoram, North-East India: A Baseline Assessment and Preliminary Report

Microplastics have emerged as another dimension of hazardous and persistent pollutants afflicting every corner of the globe, even permeating critical biodiversity hotspots. This study aims to serve as a preliminary report on the occurrence and assessment of MP pollution in shore sediments of four selected rivers in the state of Mizoram, which lies in one of the sensitive biodiversity hotspots in India, and is also a part of the eastern Himalayan range. There have been minimal studies on microplastic pollution in this region despite its critical ecological location. Four freshwater rivers, namely Chite, Tlawng, Serlui-A, and Tuirial, were selected for the study due to their proximity to urban settlements and have been subjected to rampant plastic pollution. The study revealed that MPs were detected from all sampling sites, and abundance was highest in Chite, which runs through parts of Aizawl city. Particles within the size range of 0.15-0.25 mm were found to be the highest in numbers in all sampling locations, while MPs between 3-5 mm were the least in number. The shapes of MPs were varied, constituting fragments, fibers, pellets, and spheres, with fibers (40%) being the dominant shape overall. Polyethylene was found to be the dominant polymer type among particles analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy. This study contributes to the imperative assessment of MP pollution in river sediments of the eastern Himalayan region of India, as comprehensive research in this regard is still lacking.

Joseph Vanlalsawma Sailo, Malsawmhriatzuala Jeremy and Chawngte Laldinsangi

Comparative Assessment of Empirical and Theoretical Mass Eruption Rate Estimation Methods Using HYSPLIT: A Case Study of Lewotobi Laki-Laki Eruption

Volcanic ash emissions pose threats to aviation safety and socioeconomic activities, necessitating accurate dispersion modeling for effective early warning systems. The Mass Eruption Rate (MER) is a crucial parameter in ash transport models, yet its estimation remains a primary source of uncertainty. This study evaluates six MER formulations (MER1– MER4: non-wind-affected; MER5–MER6: wind-affected) for simulating ash dispersion from the Lewotobi Laki-Laki eruption using HYSPLIT, under two plume height scenarios (H = 1,000 m and 9,000 m). Results indicate that the plume orientation aligns well with Sentinel5P observations, though significant concentration discrepancies are evident. Case 1 shows a severe systematic underestimation (FB = -190.24%), likely due to uncertainties in column height and the high-resolution CAMS EAC validation constraints. Case 2 demonstrates much better agreement with CAMS EAC4 reanalysis data, with a minimal fractional bias (FB = -7.06%), a high index of agreement (IOA = 0.9653), and an RMSE of 0.7084 µg.m? ³. Sensitivity analysis reveals that uncertainty in column height can increase MER variance roughly threefold, highlighting that source height precision largely determines MER accuracy. Although MER5 does not consistently outperform other formulations, it demonstrates relatively more consistent spatial dispersion patterns under wind-dominated conditions, though performance remains sensitive to source parameter accuracy. Consequently, this study recommends a multilevel operational approach that employs MER5 under favorable meteorological conditions, combined with rigorous uncertainty quantification to support operational volcanic ash advisories.

Yumita Sufitri, Vera Surtia Bachtiar, Taufiq Ihsan and Sugeng Nugroho

Eco-Friendly Neem-Based Corrosion Inhibitor Coatings for Reinforced Concrete: Performance, Sustainability and Cost Assessment

Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete is a critical durability challenge that undermines the service life and increases the maintenance costs of infrastructure. Although conventional inorganic inhibitors, such as zinc, are effective, they are associated with high costs and environmental concerns, necessitating the development of sustainable alternatives. This study investigated the potential of Azadirachta indica (Neem) powder as a green, bio-based corrosion inhibitor coating for reinforcing steel, with its performance benchmarked against zinc coatings. Reinforced M30 grade concrete specimens were subjected to chlorideinduced accelerated corrosion for 365 days and evaluated through half-cell potential, weight and diameter loss, pullout bond strength, and surface morphology using SEM. Neem-coated specimens demonstrated a 47.5% reduction in half-cell potential and a 54% improvement in bond strength relative to uncoated specimens, closely matching zinc-coated samples, whose performance differences were not statistically significant. Life cycle assessment revealed that Neem coatings reduced the carbon footprint by up to 43%, whereas cost analysis showed a 39.6% reduction in per-meter coating cost compared to zinc. The findings highlight neem-based coatings as a sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly solution offering performance comparable to zinc, thereby supporting resilient and environmentally responsible construction practices.

Satya Prakash and Nishant Kumar

Assessment of Metal Concentrations and Variability Using Censored Data Analysis in Hu’u Rivers, Sumbawa, Indonesia

Water quality monitoring is essential for managing watersheds; however, values below detection limits are often mishandled, which can hinder interpretation and lead to these measurements being ignored or discarded. This study aimed to analyze metal concentrations and their variability in freshwater rivers, focusing on datasets with a high proportion of censored values, where many measurements fell below the detection limits. This study was conducted in Hu’u, Sumbawa, Indonesia, from 2019 to 2023. Thirteen dissolved metals were analyzed: As, Ba, B, Cd, Cr(VI), Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Hg, Se, and Zn. Significant differences between watersheds were observed for six metals, including As, Ba, B, Fe, Mn, and Zn (p < 0.05), whereas no significant seasonal effects were detected for any parameter. The findings indicate that the watersheds are likely impacted by nearby agricultural and domestic activities, as evidenced by the higher metal concentrations near settlements and cornfields. Conversely, more remote watersheds with limited agricultural exposure exhibited lower pollutant concentrations. This study practically enhances the representation of censored data concentrations with multiple detection limits, not only by visualizing censored values but also by illustrating data variability.

Karizma Fahlevy, Agustinus Sembiring, Rias Kaessari Magenta, Adi Suroso and Charles P. H. Simanjuntak

Black Gold from the Fields: Obtaining Pyrolytic Biochar from Agricultural Wastes at Various Pyrolysis Temperatures

India produces a large amount of agricultural residues, traditionally disposed of through open burning. Such practices have negative health and environmental impacts. Converting waste via pyrolysis into biochar offers a sustainable strategy for enhancing soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and resource recovery. Although many studies have examined the influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar properties, most focus on feedstocks like rice husk and woody biomass, with little attention given to underused residues such as finger millet husk. This study evaluated four agricultural residues, finger millet husk, rice husk, sawdust, and hardwood, depolymerized at 300, 400, 500, and 600°C, respectively. The resulting biochars underwent proximate and ultimate analysis, physicochemical characterization, and assessments of pore size and surface morphology. Results showed that increasing pyrolysis temperature reduced biochar yield and volatile matter, while increasing fixed carbon, pH, organic carbon content, porosity, and surface area. Variations also depended on feedstock composition. Biochar from finger millet husk at 300°C was flaky, chemically active, and suitable for microbial colonization, whereas hardwood biochar at 600°C was highly carbonized, porous, stable, and effective for pollutant adsorption and long-term carbon sequestration. This research introduces finger millet husk as a novel biochar precursor, linking specific properties to potential agricultural and environmental applications. Additionally, the study emphasizes how pyrolysis temperature influences biochar characteristics and their practical uses.

Pooja Sarolkar, Girish Pathade and Wasim Bagwan

Synthesis and Characterization of Modified Lignin Flocculants for Congo Red and Methylene Blue Removal

This study focused on synthesizing lignin-based flocculants through grafting sulfonic acid (SA) and [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (METAC) using potassium persulfate as the initiator. The resulting flocculants were characterized by particle size, thermal stability, surface morphology, and functional groups. Their dye removal performance was tested with Congo red and methylene blue across various pH levels. FTIR analysis confirmed successful grafting of METAC and SA onto the lignin backbone in lignin-METAC, lignin-SA, and lignin-METAC-SA. Particle size analysis revealed an increase only in ligninMETAC-SA. Modifications led to increased folding and the emergence of raised structures on the flocculants. Thermal analysis showed that, compared to unmodified lignin (degradation at 384°C), all modified lignins exhibited higher maximum degradation temperatures (400– 500°C). Modifying lignin improved dye removal efficiency, with lignin-SA demonstrating the highest performance for both dyes. All flocculants performed better against methylene blue at all pH levels, notably lignin-SA (82.9%) and lignin-METAC-SA (82.3%) at pH 10. Higher Congo red removal (46–69%) occurred in more acidic conditions (pH 4). These findings underscore the potential of grafted lignin-based flocculants for dye wastewater treatment.

Mark Xavier Bailon, Bianca Marie Lim and Gian Margarette Villadarez

Enhancing the Quality of Cellulose Isolated from Banana Peels by Incorporating the Use of Microwave Radiation over the Conventional Method

Cellulose, a renewable biopolymer, can be sustainably extracted from agricultural residues such as banana peels, which are plentiful yet often discarded as waste. Traditional extraction methods are laborious, require prolonged heating, and consume large quantities of chemicals, posing environmental and economic concerns. In this study, a microwaveassisted technique was explored for cellulose extraction from banana peels and compared with conventional thermal treatment under identical chemical conditions. The process involved sequential liquefaction, delignification, and bleaching, with microwave radiation applied at 600 W. Results showed that microwave-assisted extraction significantly improved efficiency, yielding 86.43?llulose compared to approximately 83% with conventional methods, while reducing processing time from 455 min to just 22 min (excluding 14 min for cycle repetition). FTIR analysis confirmed effective removal of lignin and hemicellulose, XRD indicated preservation of cellulose structure with a crystallinity index of 56.8%, and SEM images revealed smoother, cleaner, and similarly textured cellulose in microwave-treated samples compared to conventional ones. These findings demonstrate that microwave radiation not only enhances cellulose purity and structural quality but also offers significant benefits in energy savings and process sustainability. The resulting cellulose is suitable for applications in packaging, composites, and nanocellulose production. This research establishes microwave-assisted treatment as a scalable, eco-friendly, and time-efficient alternative to traditional methods for converting banana peel waste into high-value cellulose.

Pragati More, Atul Chaskar and Avinash Pawar

Total Chromium Removal and Mass Balance in a Hybrid Constructed Wetland Using Scirpus americanus and Hydrocotyle bonariensis for Tannery Wastewater Treatment

Tannery effluents contain high concentrations of total and hexavalent chromium, posing severe environmental risks, particularly in developing regions where inadequate treatment persists. Conventional remediation methods are often costly and complex, generating secondary pollutants and underscoring the need for sustainable alternatives. The present research evaluates the effectiveness of a hybrid constructed wetland at pilot scale for removing total chromium from final tannery effluents, applying a mass balance approach. The system comprised two levels: Scirpus americanus Pers. in the upper level and Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. in the lower level, each operated with a seven-day hydraulic retention time. Results showed significant total chromium removal, with the upper level retaining 47.82% in the substrate, 31.85% in roots, and 10.57% in aerial parts of Scirpus americanus. The lower level retained 53.53% in roots and 43.31% in aerial parts of Hydrocotyle bonariensis. Physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, TSS, BOD, COD, and total hexavalent chromium) were measured before and after treatment. Tolerance indices decreased in Scirpus and increased in Hydrocotyle, while both species’ bioconcentration and translocation factors rose. Overall, the findings demonstrate this hybrid system’s effectiveness and ecological feasibility for chromium removal, underscoring its promise as a cost-efficient alternative for treating industrial effluents.

Edgar Santiago Flores-Sacsi, Anyela Keith Delgado-Salas, Marco Guillermo Ancco Chara and Gerby Giovanna Rondán-Sanabria

Modeling the Drivers for Renewable Energy in Developing Economies: A Case Study of India

Renewable energy sources provide sustainable alternatives for fulfilling the energy needs of developing economies. India, as a developing country, has taken important initiatives to promote renewable energy, driven by various factors. Increased awareness of clean energy options, growing concerns about environmental degradation, and the emphasis on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are among the factors encouraging countries to consider renewable energy as a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This paper aims to explore the key factors that facilitate the development and adoption of renewable energy as a clean and sustainable energy source. It also seeks to examine the hierarchical relationships among these enablers and analyze the connections between them. To achieve these goals, the study employs Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM) and Fuzzy MICMAC approaches. The findings identify six main enablers: environmental, institutional, regulatory, economic, technological, and social factors. The TISM model reveals three levels of hierarchy among these enablers, while the Fuzzy MICMAC analysis categorizes them into driver and dependent clusters. The discussion contextualizes these results within India. The study offers significant insights for theory, management, and societal progress.

Adya Sharma and Nehajoan Panackal

Perception-Participation Dynamics and Mangrove Degradation: A MultiGroup SEM in Northern Central Java, Indonesia

Mangrove ecosystems along northern Central Java are experiencing rapid decline due to ecological pressures, land-use changes, and limited institutional support. This study explores how community perceptions and participation influence mangrove degradation across Brebes, Pemalang, and Demak. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining a structured household survey (n = 150) with focus group discussions to contextualize quantitative results. Confirmatory Factor Analysis validated measurement accuracy, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with multi-group analysis (MG-SEM) was used to assess causal relationships and spatial variation. In the combined model, perception had a strong positive impact on participation (? = 0.58, p < 0.001) and a direct negative effect on degradation (? = –0.21, p = 0.010). Participation further reduced degradation (? = –0.32, p < 0.001) and partially mediated the perception–degradation link (?_indirect = –0.19, p < 0.001). The model accounted for 34% of the variance in participation and 26% in degradation (R² = 0.34, 0.26) and demonstrated good fit indices (?²/df = 1.87, CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.056, SRMR = 0.045). MG-SEM revealed context-specific dynamics: an effective perception–participation–degradation pathway in Brebes, a “Pemalang Paradox,” where high participation coexists with significant degradation under intense anthropogenic pressure, and diminished behavioral effects in Demak under extreme ecological stress. These insights emphasize perception and participation as crucial yet bounded factors in mangrove resilience, highlighting the importance of spatially tailored management strategies.

Hugi Cerlyawati, Muhammad Zainuri and Slamet Isworo

Green Micellar Extraction of Phenol from Wastewater Using Eco-Friendly Hydrophilic Deep Eutectic Solvents

Phenol, an extremely toxic wastewater pollutant, adversely affects animals, plants, and aquatic life. Its accumulation in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems affects nutrient recycling and their long-term stability. Industrial wastewaters constitute a major source of phenol, and its removal is a major concern of researchers and governments across the world. In the current research work, green extraction of phenol from model industrial wastewater was studied by using Aquoline, a new type of eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES), prepared from choline chloride as an H-bond receiver and water as an H-bond contributor. Separation of phenol from wastewater is facilitated by micelles formed in Aquoline due to the CTAB surfactant. The prepared DES was characterized by UV, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy. Maximum phenol extraction efficiency of 93.27 % was obtained with Aquoline DES + CTAB under optimized conditions (initial phenol concentration = 5000 ppm, temperature = 301 K, pH =10, CTAB concentration = 0.9 mM.L-1, volume ratio of wastewater to solvent = 10:1). The recovered solvent was reused four times after removal of phenol. FTIR studies on recovered solvent showed no change in its structure. This is the first research to use a hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent in the extraction of phenol from wastewater. The research will pave the way for the use of a new type of eco-friendly solvent while adhering to principles of green chemistry

Ravindra Joshi, Aditya Vijayakar, Soham Joshi, Prasad Parulekar, Ramesh Bhande and Shripal Gaikwad

Tourist Behavior in Reducing Plastic Waste at Viet Nam’s Coastal Destinations

Plastic waste generated by tourism activities increasingly burdens the environment of coastal destinations in Viet Nam. Understanding tourists’ behavior regarding plastic waste reduction is crucial for developing effective interventions at the destination level. This study employs the COM-B framework to analyze how Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation influence tourists’ plastic waste reduction behaviors at selected Viet Namese coastal sites. Data were gathered through a structured survey of 895 tourists and analyzed using descriptive statistics, reliability tests, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression. Results show that Motivation has the most significant impact on waste reduction behavior, followed by Capability, with Opportunity exerting a lesser effect. The model accounts for a substantial portion of behavioral variation (R² = 0.743), indicating strong links between the COM-B components and self-reported behaviors. These findings enhance empirical understanding of the COM-B framework in coastal tourism settings and offer practical insights for policymakers and destination managers aiming to encourage plastic waste reduction among tourists.

Nguyen Thuy Van, Luu The Anh, Tran Thu Phuong, Truong Sy Vinh and Nguyen Dang Thuy Trang

Acceptance Rate and Publication Time

Acceptance rate: 20%
Initial Editorial Screening: Median 15 days from submission
First Decision: Median 7 weeks from submission
Prepublished Paper: Median 5 weeks from final acceptance
Final Publication: Median 5 months from final acceptance

Journal Metrics

Scopus CiteScore (2025): 2.1
Scopus SJR Index (2025) = 0.314
Index Copernicus International (2023) = 132.21
NAAS Rating (2024) = 5.33

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Listed in UGC-CARE (Group II)
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